§7 Adpositions
Adpositions are words whose function is to show spatial, temporal and other semantic relations to nouns. They are closely related to adverbs. In Pine, postpositions are used more frequently than prepositions, with only a very small number of the latter. Many postpositions are identical to their corresponding adverbs or conjunctive adverbs, but differ in that they govern a specific case when used with nouns. They can also be used with possessive affixes when the head of the adpositional phrase is a pronoun, although this normally only applies to people.
§7.1 Prepositions
Pine has only a few prepositions, most of which can also appear as postpositions. For instance, when used prepositionally, the word sảsi only has a temporal meaning, but postpositionally, it can have either a temporal or locative meaning. All prepositions govern the genitive case. Unlike postpositions, prepositions cannot be used with possessive affixes. Some prepositions, such as mỉge and gỉge, are neutral with regard to movement, as they only have one form which is not specific to the inessive, illative, elative, or comitative cases. Note that ảve can be used with a noun and the particles a…-t ka to mean something like ‘there goes Ø again, how typical of Ø’ as in ảve a Eįįoġa-t ka ‘(this is/how) typical of Eįįak’ or ảve a tsamu-t ka ‘there you go again’.
| ảve | ‘as is typical/natural for’ |
| gỉge | ‘in the lower part/section, part below’ |
| ỉl | ‘against, contrary to’ |
| ỉr | ‘through (temporal), the whole (temporal)’ |
| ỉṡ | ‘starting, as soon as’ |
| ḷủl | ‘to quote, as Ø would say, as one says’ |
| ƛỉgo | ‘throughout’ |
| mỉge | ‘in the upper part/section, part above’ |
| ṇủḳ | ‘per, for every’ |
| sảsi | ‘between (temporal)’ |
| vỏvu | ‘past, by’ |
| (1) | ảve ṇiġảġġảva, lulli giṇuggaddat nỉn auġġet |
| aafi- n-ig-aag-gaafa, lulli gin-uggat-tat niin aug-gi-t | |
| [ˈæːɥɛ n̥ɪˈɣæːɣːæːwɑ ˈlulːɪ gɪˈn̥ʊkːatːat niːn ˈɑu̯ɣːɛt] | |
| ảve ṇi-ġảġġ-ả-va Ø-lull-vi gi-ṇugg-add-at nỉn auġġet | |
| typically poss.1-older.brother-gen-poss.loc 3a.ag.pst-leave-nloc.pst transl-greet-freq-dep cop.nloc.hyp.pst without | |
| ‘as is typical for my brother, he left without saying goodbye’ |
| (2) | tikṇan gỉge vůekni |
| tikN-an giigi- fu--i-kni | |
| [ˈtɪʔkŋan ˈgiːgɛ ˈɥyœ̯ʔkŋɪ] | |
| t-ikṇ-an gỉge vůekn-i | |
| 3a.ag-live-nloc.prs in.lower.part valley-gen | |
| ‘s/he lives in the lower part of the valley’ |
| (3) | sellavvit ỉl siṡṡidat tṡỉbmoga |
| si-llaffit iil siccit-at c--iipmu-ga | |
| [ˈsɛlːɑʋːɪh iːɬ ˈsɪʃᶣːɪːdat ˈt͡ʃiːʔpmɔːgɑ] | |
| Ø-sellav-vit ỉl s-iṡ=vit-at tṡỉbmo-ga | |
| 3a.ag.pst-marry-nloc.pst.pl against poss.3a-parent-gen.pl-poss.nloc.pl wish-gen | |
| ‘they got married against their parents’ wish’ |
| (4) | ḷủlettsi ỉr bayḷvi |
| Luuli-c-ci iir p-aa--Lfi | |
| [ˈɬuːlɛt͡sːɪ iːr ˈbæy̯ɬːfɪ] | |
| Ø-ḷul-ets-vi ỉr bayḷv-i | |
| 3a.ag.pst-speak.pst-irres.pst-nloc.pst the.whole journey-gen | |
| ‘s/he chatted the whole trip’ |
| (5) | sisaiṡkat iṡni ỉṡ bỉṡkỷt |
| sisaickat ict-n-i iic p-iicka-a-t | |
| [sɪsˈæɪ̯ʃːkah ˈɪʃːtn̥ɪ iːʃ ˈbiːʃːkyːʔ] | |
| sis-aiṡk-at Ø-iṡn-vi ỉṡ bỉsk-ỷt | |
| cis-learn-dep 3a.ag.pst-start-nloc.pst since childhood-gen | |
| ‘s/he started learning from early childhood’ |
| (6) | ḷủl ṇủmava, goallįendauggeset |
| Luul n-uumafa, gu-aL-Li-nt-auggi-si-t | |
| [ˈɬuːɬ ˈn̥uːmɑːwɑ ˈgɑːʎːɛnːdɑu̯kːɛːsɛt] | |
| ḷủl ṇ-ủma-va g-oallį-end-augg-eset | |
| as.they.say poss.1-mother.gen-poss.loc 1.ag-be.late-opin-excess-3˚.ret | |
| ‘as my mother would say, it’s getting late for me’ |
| (7) | hellảt ƛỉgo gảlppi nỉ ṇůeyki-t de |
| hi-llaat Tiigu- gaalppi nii n--fi-a-ki_0 t-i- | |
| [ˈhɛlːæt͡ɬ ͜ ˈt͡ɬiːkɔ ˈgæːlːpɪ niː ˈn̥ᶣɛy̯kɪd ͜ dɛ] | |
| h-ell-ảt ƛỉgo gảlpp-i nỉ ṇůeyk-it–t de | |
| pron.3i.unag-grow-3i.prs.pl throughout land-gen pron.3i.pl tree-acc.pl prox.dem | |
| ‘these trees grow throughout the country’ |
| (8) | tikṇan mỉge tảṃṃi |
| tikN-an miigi- taam-mi | |
| [ˈtɪʔkŋan ˈmiːgɛ ˈtæːmːɪ] | |
| t-ikṇ-an mỉge tảṃṃ-i | |
| 3a.ag-live-nloc.prs in.upper.part main.river-gen | |
| ‘s/he lives in the upper part of the main river’ |
| (9) | mįa gamppaṛindva na ṇủḳ bįaktṡu |
| mja gamppar-intf-a na n-uukf p-jakc--u | |
| [ˈmjɑ ˈgamːpɑˈr̥ɪnːdʷɑ nɑː ˈn̥uːkʷ ˈbjakːt͡ʃʊ] | |
| mįa gamppa=ṛindva-Ø na ṇủḳ bįakt-u | |
| one.det cake.slice-act pron.3i per child-gen | |
| ‘one slice of cake per chid’ |
| (10) | sảsi na goakse-t de va mintten goakse |
| saasi na gu-aksi-_0 t-i- fa mintti-n gu-aksi- | |
| [ˈsæːsɪ nɑː ˈgɑːkːsɛd ͜ dɛ wɑ ˈmɪnːtɛn ˈgɑːkːsɛ] | |
| sảsi na goaks-e–t de va min=tten goaks-e | |
| between pron.3i month-gen prox.dem and coming month-gen | |
| ‘between this month and next month’ |
| (11) | minni vỏvu ṇibimava |
| minni fu-u-fu n-ip-imafa | |
| [ˈmɪnːɪ ˈwoːwʊ n̥ɪˈbɪːmɑwɑ] | |
| Ø-min-vi vỏvu ṇi-bim-a-va | |
| 3a.ag.pst-walk.pst-nloc.pst past poss.1-home-gen-poss.loc | |
| ‘s/he walked past my home’ |
§7.2 Postpositions
In Pine, postpositions are the primary adpositions used. The majority of postpositions govern the genitive case, while a few govern other cases. Many postpositions also function as adverbs, but their meaning may differ when used as postpositions. For pronouns referring to living things, particularly people, possessive affixes are attached to postpositions when the referent is a pronoun referring to a person, rather than using a pronoun followed by postposition. In rare cases, possessive affixes may also be used instead of a third-person inanimate pronoun. All postpositions that govern the genitive are listed below, and those that govern other cases are described in a separate section.
Postpositions with an elative ending are usually found either with the normal elative singular endings -innit/-unnit/-ynnit or short forms in -ỉn/-ủn/-ỷn, but when a postposition has personal affixes, only the short form is normally found. Because short forms are common to both and differ from the normal elative endings, they are given in lists in the following subsections.
§7.2.1 Temporal Postpositions
Temporal postpositions are usually found with words denoting time.
| aggen | ‘as soon as’ |
| agỉn | ‘since’ |
| agỉt | ‘until’ |
| aįįu | ‘at the time of’ |
| dảlįen | ‘during, while’ |
| dảlįet | ‘for (future duration)’ |
| dảlįỉn | ‘since, from such a time before’ |
| dallįein | ‘in (set time), in (time until)’ |
| dallįỉts | ‘while (something is still happening)’ |
| ekkot, e(i)ġot | ‘after, following, in the wake of’ |
| giḷḷit | ‘early’ |
| giḷḷittut | ‘earlier’ |
| giḷḷu | ‘before’ |
| iṡkven, isṃut | ‘starting, since’ |
| įiuįa(t), įeuįa(t) | ‘through, until the end, the entire’ |
| kegget | ‘until (such a day that)’ |
| mahu~maḍḍu | ‘after’ |
| miuḍḍet | ‘at the same time as’ |
| na, nanu | ‘once, having, in X time’ |
| ṇukvet | ‘once, after’ |
| oallįu | ‘late’ |
| oallįoskut | ‘later’ |
| ỏġme | ‘(for) very many’ |
| ṛủkvỉn | ‘around (the time of)’ |
| (12) | uṡkamihingimin a ảlknen aggen ka spissuan |
| uckamihiN-imin a/ aaLkN-i-n aggi-n ka spissuan | |
| [ʊʃːkɑˈmɪːhɪŋːɪːmɪn ɑ ˈæɬːkŋ̊ɛn ˈakːɛn kɑ ˈspɪsːʊɑ̯n] | |
| uṡ-ga-mih-ingimin a ảlkn-en aggen ka s-biss-o-an | |
| dis-1.ag-like-4˚.perf top beginning-gen starting top poss.3a-paternal.cousin-acc-poss.nloc | |
| ‘I have disliked her/his cousin straight from the beginning’ |
| (13) | nanan ṇikkut ỉḍįon agỉn tṡarva |
| nanan n-ikkut iit--tju-n agiin c--arfa | |
| [ˈnɑːnan ˈn̥ɪʰkʊh ˈiːðjɔn ˈɑːgiːn ˈt͡ʃarʷːɑ] | |
| nanan ṇi=kkut ỉḍį-on agỉn tṡarva-Ø | |
| cop.nloc.perf pron.1.com spring-gen since allergy-act | |
| ‘I’ve had allergies since the spring’ |
| (14) | haḍnumiṡ ṃuoįįủts heiįo agỉt mi ủngon a |
| hat--numic m-aa-jjuuc- hi-iju- agiit mi uuN-u-n a/ | |
| [ˈhaθːtn̥ʊːwiʃ ˈm̥uʊ̯jːuːt͡s ˈhɛɪ̯jɔ ˈɑːgiːt mɪ ˈuːŋːɔn ɑː] | |
| h-aḍn-umiṡ ṃuoįį-ủts heiį-o agỉt mi ủng-on a | |
| 3i.unag-stay-3i.fut warm-ess winter-gen until det creek-pat pron.3i | |
| ‘the creek will stay warm until winter’ |
| (15) | uġun ottsun nảġġả pinảgveva aįįu nuįįiat illukki |
| uug-un u-c-cun naag-gaa pinaagfi-fa ajju nujjiat illukki | |
| [ˈʊːɣʊn ˈɔt͡sːʊn ˈnæːɣːæː pɪˈnæːkᶣːɛːwɑ ˈajːʊ ˈnʊjːɪ̯ah ˈɪlːʊʰkɪ] | |
| uġun o-ttsun nảġġ=ả pi-nảgv-i-va aįįu n=u=įį-viat illut-Ø-gi | |
| cop.conneg not.yet in.existence pron.3i.iness poss.2-birth-gen-poss.loc at.the.time 3i.ag.pst- neg.aux.pst-3i.pst.pl that.type-act-pl | |
| ‘at the time of your birth, that type of thing didn’t exist yet’ |
| (16) | saḷḷuṡ mi mintten tyvi na dảlįen ṃyssůt ṃeyssinnit gisṇeįįi naukvits |
| saLLuc mi mintti-n ta-fi na t-aaL-i-n m-a-ssu--t m-i-a-ssinnit gist-n-i-jji naukfic- | |
| [ˈsɑːɬːʊʃ mɪ ˈmɪnːtɛn ˈtʏːɥɪ nɑː ˈdæːʎɛn ˈm̥ʏsːœt ˈm̥ɛy̯sːɪnːɪt ˈgɪsːtn̥ɛjːɪ ˈnɑu̯ʰkᶣɪt͡s] | |
| s-aḷḷ-uṡ mi mintt=en tyv-i na dảlįen ṃyssůt ṃeyss-innit gisṇeįmii naukvi-ts | |
| pron.3a.unag-change-nloc.fut det coming year-acc pron.3i during cute puppy-elat diligent dog-ess | |
| ‘it will grow from a cute puppy to a hard working dog during the next year’ |
| (17) | deįįet siskiṡivvuṡ mintten tyvi dảlįet |
| t-i-jji-t siskiciffuc mintti-n ta-fi t-aaL-i-t | |
| [ˈdɛjːɛt sɪsːkɪˈʃɪʋːʊʃ ˈmɪnːtɛn ˈtʏːɥɪ ˈdæːʎɛt] | |
| deįį=et sis-g-i-ṡivv-vuṡ mintt=en tyv-i dảlįet | |
| here.illat cis-1.ag-kin-stay-loc.fut coming year-gen for | |
| ‘I will stay here for the coming year’ |
| (18) | palġġan mįa kvayvi na dallįein sṃỉḍnon, a Uįįun da |
| palg-gan mja kfaa--fi na t-aL-Li-in spm-iit--nu-n, a/ ujjun t-a | |
| [ˈpalːɣan ˈmjɑ ˈkᶣæy̯ɥɪ nɑː ˈdaʎːɛɪ̯n ˈspm̥iːðːnɔn ɑ ˈʊjːʊn dɑ] | |
| Ø-palġ-van mįa kvayv-i na dallįein s-mỉḍn-u-n a Uįįun-Ø da | |
| 3a.ag.pst-build-2˚.pst one.det summer-gen pron.3i in poss.3a-cabin-acc-poss.nloc top Uįįun-act top | |
| ‘Uįįun built his cabin in one summer’ |
| (19) | įus įa atsƛullusetṡit keukvon dallįỉts |
| jus ja ac-Tullusi-c--it ki-ukfu-n t-aL-Liic- | |
| [jʊːs jɑ ɑˈt͡st͡ɬʊlːʊsɛːt͡ʃɪt ˈkɛu̯ʰkʷɔn ˈdaʎːiːt͡s] | |
| įus įa a-ts-lull-usetṡit keukv-on dallįỉts | |
| cop.nloc.opt that incep-2.ag-leave-loc.hyp.opt.pl.incl day-gen while | |
| ‘we ought to get going while it’s still day’ |
| (20) | ari tṇapsogungan ỉgon nįakko ekkot, a ibba-t da |
| ari t-n-apsu-guN-an iigu-n n--akku- i-kku-t, a/ ip-pa_0 t-a | |
| [ɑrɪ ˈtn̥apːsɔgʊŋːan ˈiːgɔn ˈɲaʰkɔ ˈɛʰkɔt a ɪpːɑd ͜ dɑ] | |
| ari t-napsog-ungan ỉg-on nįakk-o ekkot a ibba-Ø–t da | |
| very 3a.ag-be.quiet-nloc.perf dad-gen death-gen following top mum-act top | |
| ‘following/in the wake of my dad’s death, mum has been very quiet’ |
| (21) | gamiddinga lunnen heiįo dảlįỉn įa sisaṡivvus pibimedotṡin |
| gamit-tiN-a lunni-n hi-iju- t-aaL-iin ja sisaciffus pip-imi-t-u-c--in | |
| [gɑˈmɪtːɪŋːɑ ˈlʊnːɛn ˈhɛɪ̯jɔ ˈdæːʎiːn jɑ sɪːsɑˈʃɪʋːʊs pɪˈbɪːmɛdɔːt͡ʃɪn] | |
| ga-mid-vinga lunn=en heiį-o dảlįỉn įa sis-a-Ø-ṡivv-us pi-bim-et-otṡin | |
| 1.ag-know-loc.perf last winter-gen since that cis-incep-3a.ag.pst-stay-nloc.hyp.dub.pst.pl poss.2-home- illat-poss.loc.pl.incl | |
| ‘I have known they were coming to stay here with us since last winter’ |
| (22) | ṇigindehhan ỉllįon giḷḷit mi ṇintsuvadda nỉn ai |
| n-igint-i-hhan iiL-Lu-n giLLit mi n-in-c-ufat-ta-t niin ai | |
| [n̥ɪˈgɪnːdɛhːan ˈiːʎːɔn ˈgɪɬːɪt mɪ ˈn̥ɪn̥ːt͡sʊwatːɑ niːn æɪ̯] | |
| ṇi-gind-eh-van ỉllį-on giḷḷit mi ṇ-intsuvat-va nỉn ai | |
| 1.unag.pst-understand-semel.pst-2˚.pst life-gen early det poss.1-be.different-dep-poss.loc cop.nloc.hyp.pst pron.3i.gen | |
| ‘I realised I was different early in life’ |
| (23) | hayti giḷḷittut sisaskat tsƛukva skekvot |
| haa--ti giLLittut sisaskat c-Tukfa ski-kfu-t | |
| [ˈhæy̯tɪ ˈgɪɬːɪʰtʊt sɪˈsasːkat ˈt͡st͡ɬʊʰkʷɑ ˈskɛʰkʷɔt] | |
| hayt-i giḷḷit=ttut si-sask-at ts-lukk-va si=kekvot | |
| morning-gen early.comp cis-wake.up-dep 2.ag-must-loc.prs tomorrow | |
| ‘you have to wake up earlier in the morning tomorrow’ |
| (24) | agilỏman halukkoset ṇigiḷḷova ṇipṃava |
| agilu-u-man halukku-si-t n-igiLLu-fa n-ipm-afa | |
| [ɑːgɪˈloːman ˈhɑːlʊʰkɔːsɛt n̥ɪˈgɪɬːɔːwɑ ˈn̥ɪpːm̥ɑːwɑ] | |
| a-gi-Ø-lỏm-an halukku-set ṇi-giḷḷu-va ṇ-ipṃa-Ø-va | |
| incep-transl-3a.ag-sleep-nloc.prs habitual-adv poss.1-before-poss.loc poss.1-wife-act-poss.loc | |
| ‘my wife usually goes to bed before me’ |
| (25) | ṇiṡpututtuṡṡupput skeukvon iṡkven nįustu soatsƛut ỉ tsamut |
| n-icpututtuccupput ski-ukfu-n ickfi-n n--ustu su-ac-Tut ii/ c-amut | |
| [ˈn̥ɪʃːpʊtʊʰtʊʃːʊʰpʊt ˈskɛu̯ʰkʷɔn ˈɪʃːkᶣɛn ˈɲʊsːtʊ ˈsɑːt͡sːt͡ɬʊh iː ˈt͡sɑːmʊt] | |
| h-niṡp-vututt-uṡ-ṡupput si=keukv-on iṡkven nįustu soatsƛ-ut ỉ tsam=ut | |
| 3i.unag-hold-pass-nloc.fut-2.io tomorrow-gen starting.from more.det responsibility-acc.pl pron.3i.pl pron.2.acc | |
| ‘starting tomorrow you will be given more responsibilities’ |
| (26) | pigattsandesetṡis heiįo įiuįa tṡoallava |
| pigac-cant-i-si-c--is hi-iju- jiuja c--u-allafa | |
| [pɪˈgat͡sːanːdɛsɛːt͡ʃɪs ˈhɛɪ̯jɔ ˈjɪu̯jɑ ˈt͡ʃɑːlːɑːwɑ] | |
| pi-gattsand-eset-tṡis heiį-o įiuįa tṡoalla-va | |
| 2.unag-suffice-3˚.ret-supr.pl.incl winter-gen through dried.meat-pat | |
| ‘we have enough dried meat to last us through the winter’ |
| (27) | ṇįottsuƛuatṡ kủt goaksit ỉ nanu mi keukvut ỉ |
| Nu-c-cuTuac-- kuut gu-aksit ii/ nanu mi ki-ukfut ii/ | |
| [ˈɲ̊ɔt͡sːʊːt͡ɬʊɑ̯t͡ʃ kuːt ˈgɑːkːsɪh iː ˈnɑːnʊ mɪ ˈkɛu̯ʰkʷʊh iː] | |
| h-nįott=s=uƛ-uat=ṡ kủt goaks-it ỉ nanu mi keukv-ut ỉ | |
| 3i.unag-start.getting.longer-3i.fut.pl twomonth-gen.pl pron.3i.pl once det day-pat.pl pron.3i.pl | |
| ‘in two months’ time, days will start to grow longer’ |
| (28) | hevvi oallįu gassin sảktsen tủladdattsattaddit nỉn nammut |
| hi-ffi u-aL-Lu gassin saakc-i-n tuulat-tan u-c-cat-tit niin nammut | |
| [ˈhɛʋːɪ ˈɑːʎːʊ ˈgasːɪn ˈsæːkːt͡sɛn ˈtuːlatːat͡sːaʰtatːɪn niːn ˈnamːʊt] | |
| hevv-i oallįu g-aθ-in sảkts-en tủl-add-aϕ-ts-aθ-addit nỉn na=mmut | |
| night-gen late.adv 1.ag.pst-cop-loc.pst awake-gen think-freq-dep-2.ag-cocop-0˚.ret.loc.hyp.prs cop.hyp.pst pron.3i.iness | |
| ‘I lay awake late at night thinking of you’ |
| (29) | sibidnuṡ keukvon oallįoskut pikkava |
| sip-it-nuc ki-ukfu-n u-aL-Lu-skut pikkafa | |
| [sɪˈbɛʔtnʊʃ ˈkɛu̯ʰkʷɔn ˈɑːʎːɔsːkʊt ˈpɪʰkɑːwɑ] | |
| si-Ø-bidn-uṡ keukv-on oallį-oskut p-ikka-Ø-va | |
| cis-3a.ag-arrive-nloc.fut day-gen late.adv.comp poss.1-father-act-poss.loc | |
| ‘your father will arrive later today’ |
| (30) | gammuṡ hỉltto ṛủkvỉn oįįa |
| gammuc hiilttu- r-uukfiin u-jja | |
| [ˈgamːʊʃ ˈhiːlːtɔ ˈr̥uːʰkᶣiːn ˈɔjːɑ] | |
| g-aθ-vuṡ hỉltt-o ṛủkvỉn o=įįa | |
| 1.ag-cop-loc.fut noon-gen around dist.there.iness | |
| ‘I will be there around noon if all goes well’ |
§7.2.2 Causal-Circumstantial Postpositions
| aỉn~aiįįa | ‘because, due to, seeing, considering’ |
| alkṇỉn | ‘because, due to, based on (indicates reason, reasoning, basis)’ |
| altsỉn | ‘because, due to (indicates reason) |
| peġġỉn | ‘because, due to, for (indicates explanation)’ |
| disƛỉn | ‘due to, because, as a result of, for (indicates result, logical consequence or goal)’ |
| enkvỉn, enkkvỉn | ‘due to, because (indicates negative consequence or influence)’ |
| (a)hỉn | ‘because, due to (indicates cause)’ |
| (h)illỉn | ‘because, due to, as a result of, for (indicates cause)’ |
| lagỉn | ‘because, for (indicates intention)’ |
| ƛikkỉn | ‘seeing, because, due to (indicates situation)’ |
| maḍḍỉn, (m)eġġỉn | ‘following, as a consequence of, after (indications what follows)’ |
| monet | ‘for, towards, because (indicating goal or way to goal, favour)’ |
| tekven | ‘because, in case of, due to (indicates what might happen)’ |
| (31) | ỉ hỉkna aỉn hikva keggi, a kekvo-t da |
| ii hiikna aiin hikfa ki-ggi, a/ ki-kfu-_0 t-a | |
| [iː ˈhiːʔkŋɑ ˈɑːiːn ˈhɪʰkʷɑ ˈkɛkːɪ ɑ ˈkɛʰkʷɔd ͜ dɑ] | |
| ỉ hỉkn-a aỉn hikva keggi-Ø a kekvot–t da | |
| cop.nloc.pst good.weather-gen because good day-act top today top | |
| ‘today was a good day because of the still weather’ |
| (32) | galủbma kisṇohủ alkṇỉn |
| galuup-ma kist-n-u-huu aLkN-iin | |
| [gɑˈluːʔpmɑ ˈkɪsːtn̥ɔːhuː ˈaɬːkŋ̊iːn] | |
| ga-lủbm-va kisṇoh-ủ alkṇỉn | |
| 1.ag-speak-loc.prs experience-gen based.on | |
| ‘I speak based on experience’ |
| (33) | sikvẻvat iskat sƛeinnon altsỉn nủkinen |
| sikfi-i-fat iskat sTi-innu-n aLc-iin nuukini-n | |
| [sɪˈkᶣeːwɑt ˈɪsːkat ˈst͡ɬɛɪ̯nːɔn ˈaɬːt͡siːn ˈnuːkɪːnɛn] | |
| si-kvẻv-at isk-ϕat sƛveinn-on altsỉn n=ủ=k-inen | |
| cis-arrive-dep can-conneg.itr heavy.rain-gen because 1.ag.pst-neg.aux.pst-hyp.pst.pl.excl | |
| ‘we couldn’t make it in time because of the heavy rain’ |
| (34) | a sṃoaknen da, siḍgnet siƛƛỷmin va daġa gitṇaiṡi bįůeƛƛit keungit siggimmiḍḍủmin peġġỉn |
| a/ spm-u-akN-i-n_t-a, sit--N-i-t siTTa-a-min fa t-ag-a git-n-aici p-ju--i-TTit ki-uN-it jiggimmit--tuun pi-g-giin | |
| [ɑ ˈspm̥ɑːʔkŋɛn dɑ ˈsɪðːŋɛh ˈsɪt͡ɬːyːmɪnn wɑ ˈdɑːɣɑ ˈgɪtːn̥ɑˈɪːʃɪ ˈbjʏy̯t͡ɬːɪt ˈkɛu̯ŋːɪh ˈsɪkːɪmːˈɪðːuːmɪn ˈpɛɣːiːn] | |
| a s-moakn-e-n da Ø-siḍgn-vet s-iƛƛ-ỷ-min va daġa gitṇa=iṡi bįůeƛƛ-it keu=ngit s-iggim=miḍḍ-ủ-min peġġỉn | |
| top poss.3a-sister-pat-poss.nloc top 3a.unag.pst-envy-3˚.pst poss.3a-beauty-gen-poss.3o and pron.3a.gen same.old boy-gen.pl amongst.elat poss.3a-popularity-gen-poss.3o for | |
| ‘she envied her sister because/for her beauty and popularity with the boys her1 age’ |
| (35) | nỉggi ỉrsƛįỉnnidan disƛỉn mi kalttṡema įo |
| niiggi iirsTjiinnit-an t-isTiin mi kalc--ci-ma ju- | |
| [ˈniːkːɪ iːr̥ˈstʎ̥iːnːɪːdan ˈdɪsːt͡ɬiːn mɪ ˈkalːt͡ʃɛːmɑ jɔː] | |
| Ø-nỉg-vi ỉr=s-lįỉnn-it-an disƛỉn mi kalttṡe-ma įo | |
| 3a.unag.pst-die-nloc.pst arrow.poss.3a-wound-gen.pl-poss.nloc as.a.result det male.elk-pat pron.3a | |
| ‘the male elk died as a result of its arrow wounds’ |
| (36) | giniṡkỏmat pukvi kuokkullit sỉṃṃonan enkvỉn |
| ginicku-u-mat pukfi kaa-kkullit siim-mu-nan i-N-kfiin | |
| [gɪˈnɪʃːkoːmat ˈpʊʰkᶣɪ ˈkʊu̯ʰkʊlːɪt ˈsiːm̥ːɔːnan ˈɛŋ̊ːkᶣiːn] | |
| gi-niṡkỏm-at Ø-pukk-vi kuokkullit s-ỉṃṃon-an enkvỉn | |
| transl-speak.Pine-dep 3a.ag-stop.pst-nloc.pst foreign poss.3a-wife.gen-nloc.poss due.to | |
| ‘s/he stopped speaking Pine because of her/his foreign wife’ |
| (37) | siḷḷummin tsỉnut onnava tseilkkon ahỉn a ƛuoƛƛi-t de įo |
| siLLummin c-iinut u-nnafa c-i-ilkku-n ahiin a/ Taa-TTi_0 t-i- ju- | |
| [ˈsɪɬːʊmːɪn ˈt͡siːnʊh ˈɔnːɑːwɑ ˈt͡sɛɪ̯lːkɔn ˈɑːhiːn ɑː ˈt͡ɬʊu̯t͡ɬːɪd ͜ dɛ jɔː] | |
| Ø-siḷḷuθ-vin tsỉnut onnava tseilkk-on ahỉn a ƛuo-ƛƛi–t de įo | |
| 3a.ag.pst-make-1˚.pst merely beautiful girl-gen because pron.3i whole-acc prox.det pron.3a.act | |
| ‘s/he did all of this just because of a beautiful girl’ |
| (38) | nindảts gilulli suolkken illỉn siṡṡidan soġvủnamin ṇummava |
| nint-aac- gilulli saa-lkki-n illiin siccit-an ju-hfuunat n-ummafa | |
| [ˈnɪnːdæːt͡s gɪˈlʊlːɪ ˈsʊu̯lːkɛn ˈɪlːiːn ˈsɪʃːɪːdan ˈsɔɣʷːuːnɑːmɪn ˈn̥ʊmːɑːwɑ] | |
| ninda-ts gi-Ø-lull-vi suolkk-en illỉn s-iṡ=ϕit-an s-oġv-ủn-amin ṇ-umma-Ø-va | |
| young-ess transl-3a.ag.pst-leave.pst-nloc.pst heart-gen due.to poss.3a-parent-gen.pl-poss.nloc poss.3a- home-elat-poss.3o poss.1-mother-act-poss.loc | |
| ‘my mother left her parents’ home for love at a young age’ |
| (39) | sisastattavi iggineulon lagỉn ṇikkava |
| sisastattafi iggini-ulu-n lagiin n-ikkafa | |
| [sɪˈsasːtaʰtɑːɥɪ ˈɪkːkɪnˈɛu̯lɔn ˈlɑːgiːn ˈn̥ɪʰkɑːwɑ] | |
| si-Ø-sast-atta-vi iggin=eul-on lagỉn ṇ-ikka-Ø-va | |
| cis-3a.ag.pst-move-dia-nloc.pst prosperity-gen due.to poss.1-father-act-poss.loc | |
| ‘my father moved here for prosperity’ |
| (40) | a ġveudnu-t da ƛikkỉn, a įoa-t ka silullat tsƛukkotṡin |
| a/ hfi-ut-nu_0 t-a Tikkiin, a/ ju-a_0 ka silullat c-Tukku-c--in | |
| [ɑ ˈɣʷɛu̯ʔtnʊd ͜ dɑ ˈt͡ɬɪʰkiːn ɑˈjɑːk ͜ kɑ sɪˈlʊlːah ˈt͡st͡ɬʊʰkɔːt͡ʃɪnˈ] | |
| a ġveudn-u–t da ƛikkỉn a įoa–t ka si-lull-at ts-lukk-otṡin | |
| top wind-gen top because top now top cis-leave-dep 2.ag-must-loc.prs.pl.incl | |
| ‘we must leave right now because of the wind’ |
| (41) | gaygget bảggaƛƛen maḍḍỉn pỉ sibįelgat iskat nukka |
| gaa--ggi-t p-aaggaTTi-n mat--tiin pii sip-ji-lgat iskat nukka | |
| [ˈgæy̯kːɛt ˈbæːkːat͡ɬːɛn ˈmaðːiːn piː sɪˈbjɛlːgah ˈɪsːkat ˈnʊʰkɑ] | |
| gaygget b-ảgg-aƛƛ-en maḍḍỉn pỉ si-bįelg-at isk-ϕat n=u=kk-va | |
| crazy.person.gen poss.2-behavior-freq-gen following pron.2.pat cis-trust-dep can-conneg 1.ag.neg.aux- loc.prs | |
| ‘I can’t trust you following your crazy behavior’ |
| (42) | gelįeḍvet pimonedda uḷḷon |
| gi-L-i-tf--i-t pimu-ni-t-ta uLLu-n | |
| [gɛˈʎɛðᶣːɛt pɪˈmɔːnɛtːɑ ˈʊɬːɔn] | |
| ge-lįeḍḍ-vet pi-monet-va uḷḷo-n | |
| 1.ag.pst-boil-3˚.pst poss.2-for-poss.nloc coffee-acc | |
| ‘I brewed the coffee for you (as a favour to you, not so you can drink it yourself)’ |
| (43) | mintta-t ƛi hallikƛoma tṡvůebmi tekven tuįįon |
| mintta_0 Ti hallikTu-ma c--fu--i-pmi ti-kfi-n tujju-n | |
| [ˈmɪnːtat͡ɬ ͜ t͡ɬɪ ˈhalːɪkːt͡ɬɔːmɑ ˈt͡ʃᶣyœ̯ʔpmɪ ˈtɛʰkᶣɛn ˈtʊjːɔn] | |
| mind-ϕat–t ƛi hallikƛ-oma tṡvůebm-i tekven t-u=įį-von | |
| come-conneg part getting.lost-gen danger-gen because 3a.ag-neg.aux-nloc.dub | |
| ‘s/he said s/he won’t come because of the danger of getting lost’ |
§7.2.3 Postpositions of Goal, Result & Manner
| agget | ‘for (indicates benefit)’ |
| ailat | ‘like, in the way of (indicates similarity)’ |
| gattse(t) | ‘enough of’ |
| (a)hỉt | ‘for, to (indicates goal)’ |
| laggi | ‘like’ |
| ƛikven, ƛimmut | ‘for (indicates intent)’ |
| nįavvet | ‘for (indicates use or intent)’ |
| ṇultṡet | ‘for (indicates reason, explanation, root cause)’ |
| skanỉn, skammut | ‘for (indicates will, want)’ |
| tsabben | ‘for (indicates hope)’ |
| voḥven, votġen | ‘for, because (indicates fear)’ |
| (44) | ṇemiaġla ṇibỉktṡudda agget |
| n-i-miag-la n-ip-iikc--ut-ta aggi-t | |
| [n̥ɛˈmɪ̯aɣːlɑ n̥ɪˈbiːkːt͡ʃʊtːɑ ˈakːɛt] | |
| ṇe-miaġl-va ṇi-bỉktṡ-ut-va agget | |
| 1.unag-struggle-loc.prs poss.1-child-acc.pl-poss.loc for | |
| ‘I struggle for (the benefit of) my children’ |
| (45) | ƛủbman a sỉkaġan aila-t ka mi bįuḷḷu įo |
| Tuup-man a/ siikag-an aila_0 ka mi p-juLLu ju- | |
| [ˈt͡ɬuːʔpman ɑ ˈsiːkɑːɣan ˈæɪ̯lak ͜ kɑ mɪ ˈbjʊɬːʊ jɔː] | |
| t-lủbm-an a s-ỉkaġa-n ailat–t kax mi bįuḷḷu-Ø įo | |
| 3a.ag-speak-nloc.prs top poss.3a-father.gen-poss.nloc like top det boy-act pron.3a | |
| ‘the boy speaks just like his father’ |
| (46) | nả ṇikkut soaƛen gattse pikủƛƛusủtṡin |
| naa n-ikkut su-aTi-n gac-ci- pikuuTTusuuc--in | |
| [næː ˈn̥ɪʰkʊt ˈsɑːt͡ɬɛn ˈgat͡sːɛ pɪˈkuːt͡ɬːʊsuːt͡ʃɪn] | |
| nả ṇi=kkut soaƛ-en gattse pi-kủƛƛ=usut-otṡin | |
| cop.nloc pron.1.com fish-gen enough poss.2-both.an.pl.illat-poss.1.pl.incl | |
| ‘I have enough fish for the both of us’ |
| (47) | mittohủ hỉt pỉṡkidotṡin sipiskat tsƛukkotṡin |
| mittu-huu hiit piickit-u-c--in sif-iskat c-Tukku-c--in | |
| [ˈmɪʰtɔːhuː ˈhiːt sɪˈpɪsːkat ˈbiːʃːkɪdɔːt͡ʃɪn ˈt͡st͡ɬʊʰkɔːt͡ʃɪn] | |
| mittoh-ủ hỉt p-ỉṡk=id-otṡin si-pisk-at ts-lukk-otṡin | |
| wisdom-gen for poss.2-old.acc.pl-poss.loc.pl.incl cis-listen-dep 2.ag-must-loc.pl.incl.prs | |
| ‘we must listen to our elders for wisdom’ |
| (48) | utṇuttuvi įoįįa sƛỏmun naukva laggi |
| ut-n-uttufi ju-jja sTu-u-mun naukfa laggi | |
| [ˈʊtːn̥ʊʰtʊːɥɪ ˈjɔjːɑ ˈst͡ɬoːmʊn ˈnauʰkʷɑ ˈlakːɪ] | |
| Ø-utṇ-atta-vi įoįįa s-lỏm-un naukv-a la=ggi | |
| 3.ag.pst-appear-dia-nloc.pst that.dub 3a.unag.pst-sleep-nloc.hyp.dub dog-gen like | |
| ‘s/he pretended to sleep like a dog’ |
| (49) | palġġan saƛƛaƛƛat tammet ṡimma ṇuomen nỉn ai ƛikven |
| palg-gan saTTaTTat tammi-t cimma n-aa-mi-n niin ai Tikfi-n | |
| [ˈpalːɣan ˈsat͡ɬːat͡ɬːat ˈtamːɛt ˈʃɪmːɑ ˈn̥uʊ̯mɛn niːn æɪ̯ ˈt͡ɬɪʰkᶣɛn] | |
| Ø-palġ-van saƛƛ-aƛƛ-at tammet ṡimm-a ṇuomen nỉn ai ƛikven | |
| 3a.ag.pst-make-2˚.pst fish-freq-dep big lake-gen on.water cop.hyp.pst pron.3i.gen for | |
| ‘s/he made a boat for fishing out on the big lake’ |
| (50) | nả ṇolgnen nįỉġto nįavvet a, a oįulnįiġta-t da |
| naa n-u-lN-i-n n--iihf-tu- n--affi-t a, a/ u-juln--ihf-ta_0 t-a | |
| [næː ˈn̥ɔlːŋɛn ˈɲiːxːtɔ ˈɲaʋːɛh ɑː ɑ ˈɔːjʊʎˈɲɪxːtad ͜ dɑ] | |
| nả ṇolgn-en nįỉġt-o nįavvet a a oįul=nįiġtat-Ø–t da | |
| cop.nloc birch.bark-gen removing-gen for pron.3i.act top oįiulnįiġtat-act top | |
| ‘an oįulnįiġtat is a (knife) for removing birch bark’ |
| (51) | a seyngi-t da ṇultṡet įo siḷḷumman |
| a/ si-a-N-i_0 t-a n-uLc--i-t ju- siLLumman | |
| [ɑ ˈsɛy̯ŋːɪd ͜ dɑ ˈn̥ʊɬːt͡ʃɛt jɔ ˈsɪɬːʊmːan] | |
| a seyng-i–t da ṇultṡet įo Ø-siḷḷuθ-van | |
| top honor-gen top for foc 3a.ag.pst-do.pst-2˚.pst | |
| ‘s/he did it for honor’ |
| (52) | gamigvet nįukku uṃṃon a raykvyƛat nus ai skanỉn |
| gamigfi-t n--ukku um-mu-n a/ raa--kfa-Tat nus ai skaniin | |
| [gɑˈmɪkᶣːɛt ˈɲʊʰkʊ ˈʊm̥ːɔn ɑː ˈræy̯ʰkᶣʏːt͡ɬat nʊːs æɪ̯ ˈskɑːniːn] | |
| ga-migv-et nįukku uṃṃon a raykvyƛ-at nus ai skanỉn | |
| 1.ag-eat-3˚.prs det.much fish.meat-acc pron.3i become.stronger-dep cop.nloc.hyp.opt pron.3i.gen for | |
| ‘I eat a lot of fish to become stronger’ |
| (53) | gemindenin půġeůt seġġot nảgvi tsabben |
| gi-mint-i-nin pu--g-i-u--t si-g-gu-t naagfi c-ap-pi-n | |
| [gɛˈmɪnːdɛːnɪn ˈpœːɣøːt ˈsɛɣːɔh ˈnæːkᶣɪ ˈt͡sapːɛn] | |
| ge-mind-enin pů=ġůt seġġot nảgv-i tsabben | |
| 1.ag.pst-come-loc.pst.pl pron.2.illat safe birth-gen in.hopes.of | |
| ‘we came to you in hopes of a safe birth’ |
| (54) | a uṡtỉddon da, voḥven iksyt vỏskveha nukkin |
| a/ uctiit-tu-n t-a, fu-h--fi-n iksa-t fu-u-skfi-ha nukkin | |
| [ɑ ʊʃˈtiːtːɔn dɑ ˈwɔʔᶣːɛn ˈɪkːsʏt ˈwoːsːkᶣɛːhɑ ˈnʊʰkɪn] | |
| a uṡ=dỉdd-on da voḥven iks-ϕyt vỏskve-ha n=u=kk-vin | |
| top mistake-gen top out.of.fear shoot-conneg.tr elk-gen 1.ag.pst-neg.aux.pst-1˚.pst | |
| ‘I didn’t shoot the elk out of fear of (making a) mistake’ |
§7.2.4 Concessive Postpositions
| aimma | ‘despite, regardless’ |
| ġvenỉn | ‘despite, regardless, notwithstanding, in spite of’ |
| midỉn | ‘knowing, despite’ |
| teni, tetṇin | ‘despite’ |
| (55) | pisulgemmat vu bảkkidda aimma, ỉt mỉngut altsỉn |
| pisulgi-mmat fu p-aakkit-ta aimma, iit miiN-ut aLc-iin | |
| [pɪˈsʊlːgɛmːat wʊ ˈbæːʰkɪtːɑ ˈæɪ̯mːɑ iːt ˈmiːŋːʊh ˈaɬːt͡siːn] | |
| pi-sulg-emmat vu b-ảkk-it-va aimma ỉt mỉngut altsỉn | |
| 2.unag-love-0˚.loc.prs neg.and poss.2-flaw-gen.pl-poss.nloc despite pron.3i.acc.gen.pl rather because | |
| ‘I love you not despite your flaws, but rather because of them’ |
| (56) | seldattavi siṡṡidan iḷḷuneinno ġvenỉn auįįot |
| si-lt-attafi siccit-an iLLuni-innu- hfi-niin aujju-t | |
| [ˈsɛlːdaʰtɑːɥɪ ˈsɪʃːɪːdan ɪɬːʊˈnɛɪ̯nːɔ ˈɣᶣɛːniːn ˈɑu̯jːɔt] | |
| Ø-seld-atta-vi s-iṡ=ϕ-it-an iḷḷu=neinn-o ġvenỉn auįį=ot | |
| 3a.ag.pst-marry-dia-nloc.pst poss.3a-parent-gen.pl-poss.nloc disagreement-gen despite pron.3o.illat | |
| ‘s/he1 married her/him2 in spite of her/his1 parents’ disagreement’ |
| (57) | gasiḷḷupputṡit mi ai-t de midỉn |
| gasiLLuppuc--it mi ai_0 t-i- mit-iin | |
| [gɑˈsɪɬːʊʰpʊːt͡ʃɪt mɪ æɪ̯d ͜ dɛ ˈmɪːdiːn] | |
| ga-siḷḷuθ-ϕutṡit mi ai–t de midỉn | |
| 1.ag-do-3˚.loc.cond.pst det pron.3i.gen prox.dem knowing | |
| ‘I would have done it knowing this (if I had known this)’ |
| (58) | a tammet gỉkossit suṡmỉhon da teni, keumindvi |
| a/ tammi-t giiku-ssit sucpm-iihu-n t-a ti-ni, ki-umintf-i | |
| [ɑ ˈtamːɛt ˈgiːkɔsːɪt sʊʃˈpm̥iːhɔn dɑ ˈtɛːnɪ kɛu̯ˈmɪnːdᶣɪ] | |
| a tammet gỉkoss-it s-uṡ=mỉh-o-n da teni keu-Ø-mind-vi | |
| top big public.place-gen.pl poss.3a-dislike-gen-poss.nloc top despite with-3a.ag.pst-come-nloc.pst | |
| ‘s/he came along, despite his/her dislike of large public places’ |
§7.2.5 Conditional Postpositions
| akkỉn | ‘on the condition of, assuming’ |
| laknỉn | ‘given, depending on’ |
| tsallỉn | ‘depending on’ |
| (59) | a pikeuneinnonna da akkỉn, gasiḷḷussitṡas |
| a/ piki-uni-innu-nna_ta akkiin, gasiLLussic--as | |
| [ɑ pɪkɛu̯ˈnɛɪ̯nːɔnːɑ dɑ ˈaʰkiːn gɑˈsɪɬːʊsːɪːt͡ʃas] | |
| a pi-keu=neinn-on-va da akkỉn ga-siḷḷuθ-itṡ-as | |
| top poss.2-agreement-gen-poss.loc top on.condition 1.ag-do-3˚.fut-pl.supr | |
| ‘on condition of your agreement, we will do it’ |
| (60) | a hủ voihhu-t da laknỉn, simikkit nủkuṡot ỉgeƛiggedinen |
| a/ huu fu-aihhu_0 t-a lakniin, simikkit nuukucu-t iigi-Tiggi-t-ini-n | |
| [ɑ ˈhuː ˈwɑɪ̯hːʊd ͜ dɑ ˈlaʔkŋiːn sɪˈmɪʰkɪːt ˈkuːkɪu̯ʃɔt iːgɛˈt͡ɬɪkːɛdɪːnɛn] | |
| a hủ voihh-ut–t da laknỉn si-migg-ϕit n=ủ=k-uṡ=ot ỉ=-ge-=ƛigg=ed-inen | |
| top bad air-gen.pl given, cis-go-conneg.itr.hyp 1.ag.neg.aux-loc.hyp.fut.pl 1.ag.pst-decide-loc.pst.pl | |
| ‘given the bad weather, we have decided that we will not go’ |
| (61) | udnįot tsƛullulutṡin voihhut tsallỉn |
| ut-nju-t c-Tulluluc--in fu-aihhut c-alliin | |
| [ˈʊʔtɲɔt ˈt͡st͡ɬʊlːʊlʊːt͡ʃɪn ˈwɑɪ̯hːʊt ˈt͡salːiːn] | |
| udnįot ts-lull-ϕulutṡin voihh-ut tsallỉn | |
| this.evening 2.ag-leave-loc.pot.pl.incl air-gen.pl depending | |
| ‘we might leave this evening depending on the weather’ |
§7.2.6 Modal Postpositions
| bikṡven | ‘the equivalent of, as little as, equating’ |
| lakven, lamut | ‘like, in the way of’ |
| mila(ġa)t~laġat | ‘just like, in the same way as’ |
| mimonnen~mimon | ‘just like, just the same’ |
| mimmut | ‘just like, just the same, likewise’ |
| monnen | ‘like, indicating, as a sign of’ |
| nỉƛven, nỉsƛet | ‘like, similar to, reminiscent of’ |
| raiƛven | ‘the equivalent of, as much as, equating’ |
| (62) | ḥindomi důt įakvat keukvonnuḳ mįa bįaggut sảƛit a bikṡven nun a |
| h--int-u-mi t-u--t jakfat ki-ukfu-nnukf mja p-jaggut saaTit a/ p-ikcfi-n nun a/ | |
| [ˈʔɪnːdɔːmɪ dœt ˈjaʰkʷat kɛu̯ʰkʷɔnːʊkʷ ˈmjɑ ˈbjakːʊt ˈsæːt͡ɬɪh ɑː ˈbɪkːʃᶣɛn nʊːn ɑː] | |
| ḥ-ind-omi důt įakv-at keukvo=nnuḳ mįa bįaggut sảƛi-t a bikṡven nun a | |
| 3i.ag-be.possible-3i.dub they.say survive-dep day-distr det.one small fish.dim-gen pron.3i equating cop.hyp.dub pron.3i.act | |
| ‘it is possible to survive on as little as one little fish per day, they say’ |
| (63) | a ỉmoaḍḍoga-t de sininkkat ahỉt Niṡkuvuƛan lakven situƛṃuttugat tsƛukva |
| a/ iimu-at-tu-ga_0 t-i- siniN-kkat ahiit nickufuTan lakfi-n situTp-muttugat c-Tukfa | |
| [ɑː iːˈmɑːðːɔːgɑd ͜ dɛ sɪˈnɪŋːkah ˈɑːhiːh ˈnɪʃkʊwʊːt͡ɬan ˈlaʰkᶣɛn sɪˈtʊt͡ɬːpm̥ʊʰtʊgah ˈt͡st͡ɬʊʰkʷɑ] | |
| a ỉ=moaḍḍo-ga–t de si-ninkk-at ahỉt Niṡkuvu-ƛan lakven si-tuƛṃ-uttug-at ts-lukk-va | |
| in.order.to pron.3i ceremony-acc prox.dem cis-observe-dep Pine-gen like cis-dress-dia-dep 2.ag-must-loc.prs | |
| ‘you must dress like a Pine to observe this ceremony’ |
| (64) | pisiksa a deiƛen laġa-t ka |
| pisiksa a/ t-i-iTi-n laha_0 ka | |
| [pɪˈsɪkːsɑ ɑ ˈdɛɪ̯t͡ɬɛn ˈlɑːak ͜ kɑ] | |
| pi-siks-va a dei=ƛen laġat–t ka | |
| 2.unag-sound-loc.prs top local.gen same.as top | |
| ‘you sound just like a native’ |
| (65) | tsṃairva pỉkava mimon |
| c-pm-airfa piikafa mimu-n | |
| [ˈt͡spm̥æɪ̯rʷːɑ piːkɑwɑ ˈmɪːmɔn] | |
| ts-mairr-va p-ỉka-a-va mimon | |
| 2.ag-laugh-loc.prs poss.2-father-gen-poss.loc like | |
| ‘you laugh just like your father’ |
| (66) | skorruts saḷḷi ỉnįoddis va meurra sỉlįonan monnen |
| sku-rruc- saLLi iin--u-t-tis fa mi-urra siiL-u-nan mu-nni-n | |
| [ˈskɔrːʊt͡s ˈsaɬːɪ iːˈɲɔtːɪs wɑ ˈmɛu̯rːɑ ˈsiːʎɔːnan ˈmɔnːɛn] | |
| skorrut-ts s-aḷ-vi ỉ-nįoddis va meurra s-ỉlį-on-an monnen | |
| hunch.back-ess 3a.unag.pst-become-nloc.pst very-long and difficult poss.3a-life-gen-poss.nloc as.a.sign.of | |
| ‘s/he became a hunch-back, a sign of her/his very long and difficult life’ |
| (67) | sṇaġvi ari sỉkaġan nỉƛven |
| st-n-ahfi ari siikag-an niiTfi-n | |
| [ˈstn̥aɣᶣːɪ ˈɑːrɪ ˈsiːkɑːɣan ˈniːt͡ɬᶣːɛn] | |
| s-naġv-vi ari s-ỉkaġa-n nỉƛven | |
| 3a.unag.pst-be.born-nloc.pst poss.3a-father.gen-poss.nloc similar.to | |
| ‘s/he was born bearing a strong resemblance to her/his father’ |
| (68) | oįįa ỉ nỉktṡungit ƛuo gaylgi na raiƛven |
| ujja ii niikc--uN-it Taa- gaa--lgi na raiTfi-n | |
| [ˈɔjːɑ iː ˈniːkːt͡ʃʊŋɪt ˈt͡ɬuʊ̯ ˈgæy̯lːgɪ nɑː ˈræɪ̯t͡ɬᶣːɛn] | |
| o=įįa ỉ nỉktṡ-ungit ƛuo gaylg-i na raiƛven | |
| there.dist.iness cop.nloc.pst person-elat.pl whole.det village-gen pron.3i as.much.as | |
| ‘there was the equivalent of a whole village of people there’ |
§7.2.7 Orientation Postpositions
Orientation postpositions correspond to orientation adverbs but only the illative forms exist as postpositions. The postpositions piḍḍot and ḷoḷḷet are usually used with movement or destinations while keƛƛot and ṛengit may be more abstract in meaning, although both sets are often used interchangeably. The postpositions ḷoḷḷet and piḍḍot are also found to indicate comparison, which piḍḍot often expressing a positive comparison while ḷoḷḷet is used with negative comparisons. The postposition migekven or migikkut can be used to mean ‘against’ when faced with a challenge or some difficulties for example ỉlukkat ai migikkut nẻ na ‘succeed against it’, or ‘ahead’ as in forward or to be expected nả pikkut midallįi migikkut ‘you have the future ahead of yourself’, while gigekven or gigikkut can mean ‘from’ or ‘after’ some challenge, difficulties, enemies or something otherwise negative, for example tserġġisƛuttat ai gigekven nẻ na ‘to recover from it’.
| gigekven~gigikkut | ‘downhill, from (some recent point)’ |
| keƛƛot | ‘along, following, in accordance with, regarding, about’ |
| ḷoḷḷet | ‘(going) in the opposite direction as, against (force), unlike, compared to (negatively)’ |
| skekven~skikkut | ‘uphill, up against, ahead’ |
| piḍḍot | ‘(going) in the same direction as, as a consequence or result to, compared to (positively)’ |
| ṛengit | ‘against (e.g. rules, flow), counterproductive to, despite, with no regard to, regardless’ |
| (69) | a pitṡỉkkogova-t da keƛƛot, sisiḷḷunena-t ġet galukva |
| a/ pic--iikku-gu-fa_0 t-a ki-TTu-t, sisiLLuni-na_0 g-i-t galukfa | |
| [ɑ pɪˈt͡ʃiːʰkɔgɔːwɑd ͜ dɑ ˈkɛt͡ɬːɔt sɪːsɪɬːʊˈnɛːnaɣ ͜ ɣɛt gɑˈlʊʰkʷɑ] | |
| a pi-tṡỉkko-go-va–t da keƛƛot sis-iḷḷu=nen-at ġet ga-lukk-va | |
| top poss.2-claim-gen-poss.loc top regarding cis-disagree-dep part 1.ag-must-loc.prs | |
| ‘with regard to your claim, I must disagree’ |
| (70) | tsaddaƛƛin pimeḍkvelỉdnogidotṡin keƛƛot |
| c-at-taTTin pimi-t--kfi-liit-nu-git-u-c--in ki-TTu-t | |
| [ˈt͡satːat͡ɬːɪn pɪˈmɛθːkᶣɛˈliːʔtnɔgɪdɔːt͡ʃɪn ˈkɛt͡ɬːɔt] | |
| ts-add=aƛƛ-in pi-meḍkve=lỉdno-git-otṡin keƛƛot | |
| 2.ag.pst-act.pst-loc.pst poss.2-law-gen.pl-poss.loc.pl.incl in.accordance.with | |
| ‘you acted in accordance with our laws’ |
| (71) | piḷỷlaƛƛenůtṡin keƛƛot |
| pila-a-TTi-nu-c--in ki-TTu-t | |
| [pɪˈɬyːlat͡ɬːɛnœːt͡ʃɪn ˈkɛt͡ɬɔt] | |
| pi-ḷỷl=aƛƛ-en-ůtṡin keƛƛot | |
| poss.2-discussion-gen-poss.loc.pl.incl following | |
| ‘following our discussion’ |
| (72) | mi ai-t de-t da keƛƛot, mittat nukka, naṡnen galidnussin |
| mi ai_0 t-i-_0 t-a ki-TTu-t, mittat nukka, nact-n-i-n galit-nussin | |
| [mɪ æɪ̯d ͜ dɛd ͜ dɑ ˈkɛt͡ɬːɔt ˈmɪʰtːat ˈnʊʰkɑ ˈnaʃːtn̥ɛn gɑˈlɪʔtnʊsːɪn] | |
| mi ai–t de–t da keƛƛot mid-ϕat k-ukk-va naṡn-en ga-lidn-ussin | |
| det pron.3i.gen prox.dem top about know-conneg.itr 1.ag.neg.aux-loc.prs what.rel-acc 1.ag-say-loc.hyp.opt | |
| ‘I don’t know what to say about that’ |
| (73) | hakƛami ṇyįįůƛa ḷoḷḷet |
| hakTami n-a-jju--Ta Lu-LLi-t | |
| [ˈhakːt͡ɬɑːmɪ ˈn̥ʏjœːt͡ɬɑ ˈɬːɔɬːɛt] | |
| h-akƛ-ami ṇyįįů-ƛa ḷoḷḷet | |
| 3i.unag-protect-3i.prs cold.wind-gen against | |
| ‘it protects against cold wind’ |
| (74) | genenin dảltti ḷoḷḷet sảḍnisit |
| gi-ni-nin t-aaltti Lu-LLi-t saat--nisit | |
| [gɛˈnɛːnɪn ˈdæːlːtɪ ˈɬɔɬːɛt ˈsæːðːnɪːsɪt] | |
| ge-nen-in dảltt-i ḷoḷḷet sảḍn-isit | |
| 1.ag.pst-sit-loc.pst sun-gen against shadow-iness.pl | |
| ‘I sat in the shade from (lit. against) the sun’ |
| (75) | huisket tṇiṡkỏman piḷoḷḷevva |
| huiski-t t-n-icku-u-man piLu-LLi-ffa | |
| [ˈhʊɪ̯sːkɛh ˈtn̥ɪʃːkoːman pɪˈɬɔɬːɛʋːɑ] | |
| huisket t-niṡkỏm-an pi-ḷoḷḷet-va | |
| worse.adv 3.ag-speak.Pine-nloc.prs poss.2-compared.to-poss.nloc | |
| ‘s/he speaks worse Pine compared to you’ |
| (76) | sṇỉggi ṇįeiƛƛits piḍḍot |
| st-n-iiggi Ni-iTTic- pit--tu-t | |
| [ˈstn̥iːkːɪ ˈɲ̊ɛɪ̯t͡ɬːɪt͡s ˈpɪðːɔt] | |
| s-nỉg-vi ṇįeiƛƛits-Ø piḍḍot | |
| 3a.unag.pst-die.pst-nloc.pst sudden.sickness-gen as.a.result.of | |
| ‘s/he died as a result of a sudden sickness’ |
| (77) | lulli ṇipiḍḍodda |
| lulli n-ipit--tu-t-ta | |
| [ˈlʊlᶣːɪ n̥ɪˈpɪðːɔtːɑ] | |
| Ø-lull-vi ṇi-piḍḍot-va | |
| 3a.ag.pst-leave.pst-nloc.pst poss.1-in.the.same.direction-poss.loc | |
| ‘s/he left in the same direction as me’ |
| (78) | ḥigguttattṡami mi ai-t de piḍḍot |
| h--iggut-tac--cami mi ai_0 t-i- pit--tu-t | |
| [ˈʔɪkːʊʰtat͡ʃːɑːmi mɪ æɪ̯d ͜ dɛ ˈpɪðːɔt] | |
| ḥ-igg=udd-ϕattṡami mi ai–t de piḍḍot | |
| 3i.ag-be.better-3i.cond.prs det pron.3i.gen prox.dem compared.to | |
| ‘it would be better compared to that’ |
| (79) | nả pimiṇṇohảlidůtṡin ṛengit mi na-t de |
| naa pimin-nu-haalit-u--c--in r-i-N-it mi na_0 t-i- | |
| [næː pɪˈmɪn̥ːɔˈhæːlɪdœːt͡ʃɪn ˈr̥ɛŋːɪt mɪ nɑːd ͜ dɛ] | |
| nả pi-miṇṇo=hảl-it-ůtṡin ṛengit mi na–t de | |
| cop.nloc.prs poss.1-tradition-gen.pl-poss.loc.pl.incl against det pron.3i.act dem.prox | |
| ‘this is against our traditions’ |
| (80) | tsesiḷḷummet miḍkvelỉdnogit ṛengit |
| c-i-siLLummi-t mit--kfi-liit-nu-git r-i-N-it | |
| [t͡sɛˈsɪɬːʊmːɛt ˈmɪθːkᶣɛˈliːʔtnɔːgɪt ˈr̥ɛŋːɪt] | |
| tse-siḷḷuθ-vet miḍkve=lỉdnog-it ṛengit | |
| 2.ag.pst-do.pst-3˚.pst law-gen.pl regardless.of | |
| ‘you did it regardless of the law’ |
| (81) | nả dảƛƛen ṛengit vapṇulġat nẻ na |
| naa t-aaTTi-n r-i-N-it fapt-n-uLhf-at ni-i- na | |
| [næː ˈdæːt͡ɬːɛn ˈr̥ɛŋːɪt ˈwapːtn̥ʊɬːxat neː nɑː] | |
| nả dảƛƛ-en ṛengit vapṇulġ-at nẻ na | |
| cop.nloc.prs health-gen against smoke-dep cop.hyp.prs pron.3i.act | |
| ‘smoking is bad (lit. against, counterproductive) to health’ |
| (82) | sṃiaġli gebmesayhit skekven ṇủmava |
| spm-iag-li Lkfi gi-p-mi-saa--hit ski-kfi-n n-uumafa | |
| [ˈspm̥ɪ̯aɣːlɪ ˈgɛʔpmɛˈsæy̯hɪt ˈskɛʰkᶣɛn ˈn̥uːmɑːwɑ ] | |
| s-miaġl-vi gebme=sayh-it si=gekven ṇ-ủma-va | |
| 3a.unag.pst-struggle.with-nloc.pst mental.illness-gen.pl against poss.1-mother.pat-poss.loc | |
| ‘my mother struggled with/against mental illness’ |
| (83) | ivvi boaldut skekven ṇikkava |
| iffi p-u-alt-ut ski-kfi-n n-ikkafa | |
| [ˈɪʋːɪ ˈbɑːlːdʊt ˈskɛʰkᶣɛn ˈn̥ɪʰkɑːwɑ] | |
| Ø-ivv-vi boaldut-Ø migekven ṇ-ikka-Ø-va | |
| 3a.ag.pst-rise.pst-nloc.pst hierarchy-gen up poss.1-father-act-poss.loc | |
| ‘my father rose up in the hierarchy’ |
| (84) | tserġġisƛummi stỉhon gigekven |
| c-i-rg-gisTummi stiihu-n gigi-kfi-n | |
| [ˈt͡sɛrːɣɪsːt͡ɬʊmːɪ ˈstiːhɔn gɪˈgɛʰkᶣɛn] | |
| Ø-tserġġ=isƛuθ-vi stỉh-on gi=gekven | |
| 3a.unag.pst-recover-nloc.pst injury-gen from | |
| ‘s/he recovered from an injury’ |
| (85) | geggiġartsin nuṡkvema gigekven |
| gi-ggig-ar-c-in nuckfi-ma gigi-kfi-n | |
| [gɛkːɪˈɣar̥ːt͡sɪn ˈnʊʃːkᶣɛːmɑ gɪˈgɛʰkᶣɛn] | |
| ge-g-i-ġarts-in nuṡkv=ve-ma gi=gekven | |
| transl-1.ag.pst-kin-escape-loc.pst murderer-gen from | |
| ‘I escaped from a murderer’ |
§7.2.8 Locative Postpositions
Locative postpositions are mostly identical to their adverb forms in meaning and otherwise.
§7.2.8.1 Right/Left
| (86) | tsỉddyt~tsỉddia~tsỉmmyt | ‘on the right of’ |
| tsỉddet | ‘to the right of’ | |
| tsỉdden~tsỉddigyt~tsỉkkyt | ‘along the right (side) of’ |
| (87) | gảḍmyt~gảḍmia~gảmmyt | ‘on the left of’ |
| gảdṃet | ‘to the left of’ | |
| gảḍmen~gảḍmigyt~gảkkyt | ‘along the left (side) of’ |
| (88) | ḥįůįįami aįįaįama tsỉddyt ṇibakveva |
| h--ju--jjami ajjajama c-iit-ta-t n-ip-akfi-fa | |
| [ˈʔjœjːɑːmɪ ˈajːɑjɑːmɑ ˈt͡siːtːʏt n̥ɪˈbaʰkᶣɛːwɑ] | |
| ḥ-įůįį-ami aįįaįa-ma tsỉdd=yt ṇi-bakvi-Ø-va | |
| 3i.ag-lie-3i.prs school-gen right.iness poss.1-house-act-poss.loc | |
| ‘my house is on the right of/from the school’ |
| (89) | tussats ṇiboagveva tsỉddet |
| tussac- n-ip-u-agfi-fa c-iit-ti-t | |
| [ˈtʊsːat͡s n̥ɪˈbɑːkᶣːɛːwɑ ˈt͡siːtːɛt] | |
| tuss-ats ṇi-boagv-e-va tsỉdd-et | |
| turn-imp.2.sg poss.1-house-gen-poss.loc right-illat | |
| ‘turn right from my house’ |
| (90) | gegiġġi seuvu gảkkyt |
| g-igig-gi si-ufu gaakka-t | |
| [gɛgˈɪɣːɪ ˈsɛu̯wʊ ˈgæːðːmɛn] | |
| geg-Ø-iġ-vi seuv-u gả-kkyt | |
| transl-3a.ag.pst-run-nloc.pst river-gen left-com | |
| ‘s/he ran away along the left side of the river’ |
§7.2.8.2 Up/Down
The postpositions in hil(l)- are found as il(l)- with possessive affixes, especially when used to indicate putting on or taking off clothes, and the form hillet has a short form in -ild- for example sisuktat sildan eiṃṃon nẻ na ‘to put on a scarf’.
| (91) | sissen | ‘up, up in (static)’ |
| sisset | ‘up, up into (movement to)’ |
| (92) | (h)illa | ‘above, on (static)’ |
| (h)illet, ild- | ‘above, onto (movement to)’ | |
| (h)illỉn | ‘above, off (movement from)’ | |
| (h)ilven~(h)ill(ig)ut | ‘along the top, across, over’ | |
| geggen | ‘down, down in’ | |
| gegget | ‘down, down into’ | |
| baltṡa~bammut | ‘below, under (static)’ | |
| baltet~baddit | ‘below, under (movement to)’ | |
| baltỉn | ‘below, under (movement from)’ | |
| baltven~ballut~baltigut | ‘below (along), along the underside’ | |
| baltte | ‘under (and hidden by)’ |
| (93) | nả ṇůeyki sissen skinits |
| naa n-fi-a-ki sissi-n skinic- | |
| [næː ˈn̥ᶣɛy̯kɪ ˈsɪsːɛn ˈskɪːnɪt͡s] | |
| nả ṇůeyk-i siss-en skinits-Ø | |
| cop.nloc.prs tre-gen up-com ball-act | |
| ‘the ball is up in the tree’ |
| (94) | kaikỉnats įu tsṃina įůektsi hilla |
| kaikiinac- ju c-pm-ina ju--i-kc-i hilla | |
| [ˈkæɪ̯kiːnat͡s jʊ t͡sˈpm̥ɪːnɑ ˈjʏy̯kːt͡sɪ hɪlːɑ] | |
| kaikỉn-ats įu ts-min-a įůekts-i hilla | |
| be.careful-imp.2.sg when 2.ag-walk-loc.hyp ice-gen on.stat | |
| ‘walk carefully on the ice’ |
| (95) | sisivvi boaġe sisset mi kyṡṡi įo |
| sisiffi p-u-ag-i- sissi-t mi ka-cci ju- | |
| [sɪsˈɪʋːɪ ˈbɑːɣɛ ˈsɪsːɛt mɪ ˈkʏʃːɪ jɔː] | |
| sis-Ø-ivv-vi boaġ-e siss-et mi kyṡṡi-Ø įo | |
| cis-3a.ag.pst-climb-nloc.pst branch-gen up-illat det squirrel-act pron.3a | |
| ‘the squirrel climbed up the branch’ |
| (96) | ỉ sillan tammet ṇukkohin |
| ii/ sillan tammi-t n-ukku-hin | |
| [iː ˈsɪlːan ˈtamːɛt ˈn̥ʊʰkɔːhɪn] | |
| ỉ s-illa-n tammet ṇukkohin-Ø | |
| cop.nloc.pst poss.3a-on.stat-poss.nloc big hat-act | |
| ‘s/he had a big hat on’ |
| (97) | sisuktvan sildan beyvỉ |
| sisuktfan silt-an p-i-a-fii | |
| [sɪsˈʊkːtʷan ˈsɪlːdan ˈbɛy̯ɥiː] | |
| sis-Ø-ukt-van s-ild-an beyvỉ-Ø | |
| cis-3a.ag.pst-put-2˚.pst poss.3a-on.illat-poss.nloc regalia-acc | |
| ‘s/he put regalia on his/her self’ |
| (98) | geguktvan sillỉnan ỉlppỉ |
| gi-guktfan silliinan iilppii | |
| [gɛgˈʊkːtʷan ˈsɪlːiːnan ˈiːlːpiː] | |
| geg-Ø-ukt-van s-illỉn-an ỉlppỉ-Ø | |
| transl-3a.ag.pst-put-2˚.pst poss.3a-on.elat-poss.nloc summer.dress-acc | |
| ‘she took off her summer dress’ |
| (99) | vukvibbi tsảƛen hillut mi sṇeƛƛi įo |
| fukfip-pi c-aaTi-n hillut mi st-n-i-TTi ju- | |
| [ˈwʊʰkᶣɪpːɪ ˈt͡sæːt͡ɬɛn ˈhɪlːʊt mɪ ˈstn̥ɛt͡ɬːɪ jɔː] | |
| Ø-vukv-ib-vi tsảƛ-en hil-lut mi sṇeƛƛi-Ø įo | |
| 3a.ag.pst-fly-dim.pst-nloc.pst water-gen on.com det butterfly-act pron.3a | |
| ‘the butterfly fluttered across the water’ |
| (100) | nảt ỉƛƛen geggen ṇiƛyggeva |
| naat iiTTi-n gi-ggi-n n-iTa-ggi-fa | |
| [næːh ˈiːt͡ɬɛn ˈgɛkːɛn n̥ɪˈt͡ɬʏkːɛːwɑ] | |
| nả-t ỉƛƛ-en gegg-en ṇi-ƛy=ggi-va | |
| cop.nloc.prs-pl bush-gen down.com poss.1-ski.pl.act-poss.loc | |
| ‘my skis are down(there) in the bush’ |
| (101) | gipaitṇi ṇůeyki gegget mi skineva na |
| gipait-n-i n-fi-a-ki gi-ggi-t mi skini-fa na | |
| [gɪˈpæɪ̯tːn̥ɪ ˈn̥ᶣɛy̯kɪ ˈgɛkːɛt mɪ ˈskɪːnɛwɑ nɑː] | |
| gi-Ø-paitṇ-i ṇůeyk-i gegg-et mi skin-eva na | |
| transl-3i.unag.pst-fall-3i.pst tree-gen down-illat det ball-pat pron.3i | |
| ‘the ball fell down the tree’ |
| (102) | nả deįįa gảlppi baltṡa ỏka |
| naa t-i-jja g-aalppi p-aLc--a u-u-ka | |
| [næː ˈdɛjːɑ ˈgæːlːpɪ ˈbaɬːt͡ʃɑ ˈoːkɑ] | |
| nả de=įįa gảlpp-i baltṡa ỏka-Ø | |
| cop.nloc.prs here.iness earth-gen under.iness spring-act | |
| ‘there is a spring here under the ground’ |
| (103) | geggihiḍḍin tsảƛen baltet |
| gi-ggihit--tin c-aaTi-n p-aLti-t | |
| [gɛkːɪˈhɪðːɪn ˈt͡sæːt͡ɬɛn ˈbaɬːtɛt] | |
| ge-g-i-hiḍḍ-in tsảƛ-en balt-et | |
| transl-1.ag.pst-kin-dive-loc.pst water-gen under-illat | |
| ‘I dove down under the water’ |
| (104) | gasigget noalmen baltinnit |
| gasiggi-t nu-almi-n p-aLtinnit | |
| [gɑˈsɪkːɛt ˈnɑːlːmɛn ˈbaɬːtɪnːɪt] | |
| ga-sigg-et noalm-en balt-innit | |
| 1.ag-hear-3˚.prs floor-gen under-elat | |
| ‘I hear it under the floor’ |
| (105) | tvalban ḷinkka bakkut mi ṛengu įo |
| tfalp-an LiN-kka p-akkut mi r-i-N-u ju- | |
| [ˈtʷalːban ˈɬɪŋːkɑ ˈbaʰkʊt mɪ ˈr̥ɛŋːʊ jɔː] | |
| t-valb-an ḷinkk-a ba=kkut mi ṛengu-Ø įo | |
| 3a.ag-swim-nloc.prs boat-gen under.com det trout-act pron.3a | |
| ‘the trout is swimming under the boat’ |
§7.2.8.3 High/Low
| (106) | kảḷḷen | ‘high (static, movement from)’ |
| kảḷḷet | ‘high (movement to)’ | |
| kảḷven~kảḷḷigyt~kảḷḷyt | ‘(high) along the top, (high) over’ |
| (107) | balven~ballut | ‘low (static, movement from), along the bottom’ |
| balvet | ‘low (movement to)’ | |
| bala | ‘at the foot of’ |
| (108) | tvukvan voiḍḍu kảḷḷen mi ṛirka įo |
| tfukfan fu-ait--tu kaaLLi-n mi r-ir-ka ju- | |
| [ˈtʷʊʰkʷan ˈwɑɪ̯ðːʊ ˈkæːɬːɛn mɪ ˈr̥ɪr̥ːkɑ jɔː] | |
| t-vukv-an voiḍḍ-u kảḷḷ=en mi ṛirka-Ø įo | |
| 3a.ag-fly-nloc.prs air-gen high.stat det raven-act pron.3a | |
| ‘the raven is flying high up in the air’ |
| (109) | sisilgan bỉggo kảḷḷet |
| sisilgan p-iiggu- kaaLLi-t | |
| [sɪsˈɪlːgan ˈbiːkːɔ ˈkæːɬːɛt] | |
| sis-Ø-ilg-an bỉgg-o kảḷḷ-et | |
| cis-3a.ag-travel-nloc.prs mountain.side-gen high-illat | |
| ‘s/he is going high up into the mountain side’ |
| (110) | tvukvan boagve kảḷḷyt |
| tfukfan p-u-agfi- kaaLLa-t | |
| [ˈtʷʊʰkʷan ˈbɑːkᶣːɛ ˈkæːɬːʏt] | |
| t-vukv-an boagv-e kảḷ=ḷyt | |
| 3a.ag-fly-nloc.prs house-gen high.com | |
| ‘s/he is flying high up above the house’ |
| (111) | inupỉvỉnan kỉko ballut |
| inupiifiinan kiiku- p-allut | |
| [ɪːnʊˈpiːɥiːnan ˈkiːkɔ ˈbalːʊt] | |
| inu-Ø-pỉvỉn-an kỉk-o bal=lut | |
| around-3a.ag-sneak-nloc.prs forest-gen low.com | |
| ‘s/he is sneaking around (low) along the bottom of the forest’ |
| (112) | geniṡpattagi ỉƛƛen balvet |
| gi-nicpattagi iiTTi-n p-alfi-t | |
| [gɛˈnɪʃːpaʰtɑːgɪ ˈiːt͡ɬːɛn ˈbalᶣːɛt] | |
| ge-niṡp-attag-i ỉƛƛ-en balv-et | |
| 1.ag.pst-hide.pst-med-loc.pst bush-gen low-illat | |
| ‘I hid (low) into the bush’ |
§7.2.8.4 Forward/Backward
| (113) | ỉldon | ‘forward, facing (static)’ |
| ỉldot | ‘forward, facing, for (the benefit, to help) (movement to)’ | |
| ỉldủn | ‘forward, facing (movement from)’ | |
| ỉlet | ‘(leaning) against, facing, in favour (static/movement, abstract)’ |
| (114) | pỉmen | ‘in the back of (static), along the back’ |
| pỉmet | ‘to the back of, against (an idea)’ | |
| pỉmỉn | ‘from the back of’ |
| (115) | pitṇen | ‘leaning forward/against, askew (static)’ |
| pitṇet | ‘leaning forward/against, askew (movement to)’ | |
| pitṇỉn | ‘leaning forward/against, askew (movement from)’ |
| (116) | ḥįůįįami nįỉllu ỉldon ṇimitsṇeva |
| h--ju--jjami n--iillu iilt-u-n n-imic-t-n-i-fa | |
| [ˈʔœjːɑːmɪ ˈɲiːlːʊ ˈiːlːdɔn n̥ɪˈmɪt͡sːn̥ɛːwɑ] | |
| ḥ-įůįį-ami nįỉll-u ỉld-on ṇi-mitṡni-Ø-va | |
| 3i.ag-lay-3i.prs north-gen forward-stat poss.1-cabin-act-poss.loc | |
| ‘my cabin faces north’ |
| (117) | tussats ṇỉldovva |
| tussac- n-iilt-u-ffa | |
| [ˈtʊsːat͡s ˈn̥iːlːdɔʋːɑ] | |
| tuss-ats ṇ-ỉld-ot-va | |
| turn-imp.2.sg poss.1-forward-illat-poss.loc | |
| ‘turn to me, facing me’ |
| (118) | tussat ṇỉldủnna nutġats |
| tussat n-iilt-uunna nuhf-ac- | |
| [ˈtʊsːat ˈn̥iːlːduːnːɑ ˈnʊxːat͡s] | |
| tuss-ϕat ṇ-ỉld-ủn-va nutġ-ats | |
| turn-conneg.itr poss.1-forward-elat-poss.loc neg.imp.aux-2.sg | |
| ‘don’t turn away from me’ |
| (119) | gamma ai ỉlet |
| gamma ai iili-t | |
| [ˈgamːɑ æɪ̯ ˈiːlɛt] | |
| g-aθ-va ai ỉl=et | |
| 1.ag-cop-loc.prs pron.3i.gen in.favour.of | |
| ‘I am in favour of it’ |
| (120) | tṇiṡpattagan půelġi pỉmen |
| tn-icpattagan f-u--i-Lhi piimi-n | |
| [ˈtn̥ɪʃːpaʰtɑːgan ˈpʏy̯ɬːxɪ ˈpiːmɛn] | |
| t-niṡp-attag-an půelg-i pỉm=en | |
| 3a.ag-hide-med-nloc.prs hut-gen behind.stat | |
| ‘s/he is hiding behind/along the back of the hut’ |
| (121) | uġun ai pỉmet nukka |
| ug-un ai piimi-t nukka | |
| [ˈʊːɣʊn æɪ̯ ˈpiːmɛt ˈnʊʰkɑ] | |
| uġun ai pỉm-et nu=kk-va | |
| be.conneg pron.3i.gen behind-illat 1.ag.neg.aux-loc.prs | |
| ‘I’m not against it’ |
| (122) | sinįiktat nůektsen pỉmỉn nattset |
| sin--iktat nu--i-kci-n piimiin nac-ci-t | |
| [sɪˈɲɪkːtat ˈnʏy̯kːt͡sɛn ˈpiːmiːn ˈnat͡sːɛt] | |
| si-nįikt-at nůekts-en pỉm-ỉn n=atts-et | |
| cis-take-dep bag-gen behind-elat imp.aux.2.ag-3˚.prs | |
| ‘take it (out) from the back of the bag’ |
| (123) | tannan ỉttson pitṇen |
| tannan iic-cu-n pitn-i-n | |
| [ˈtanːan ˈiːt͡sːɔn ˈpɪtːn̥ɛn] | |
| Ø-tann-an ỉtts-on pitṇ=en | |
| 3a.ag-stand-nloc.prs wall-gen against.stat | |
| ‘s/he is leaning against the wall’ |
| (124) | sisattṡi kuokki pitṇet mi ṇůeyki na |
| sisac--ci kaa-kki pitn-i-t mi n-fi-a-ki na | |
| [sɪsˈat͡ʃːɪ ˈkʊu̯ʰkɪ ˈpɪtːn̥ɛt mɪ ˈn̥ᶣɛy̯kɪ nɑː] | |
| sis-Ø-attṡ-vi kuo=kki pitṇ-et mi ṇůeyk-i na | |
| cis-3i.unag.pst-fall-3i.pst other.gen against-illat det tree-pat pron.3i | |
| ‘the tree fell against another’ |
| (125) | geggivadvet ỉttson pitṇỉn mi ṡpuonƛuṇůeyki na |
| gi-ggifitf-i-t iic-cu-n pitn-iin mi cpaa-n-Tun-fi-a-ki na | |
| [gɛkːɪˈwaːtᶣːɛh ˈiːt͡sːɔn ˈpɪtːn̥iːn mɪ ˈʃpʊu̯n̥ːt͡ɬʊˈn̥ᶣɛy̯kɪ nɑː] | |
| get-g-i-vadd-vet ỉtts-on pitṇ-ỉn mi ṡpuonƛu=ṇůeyk-i na | |
| transl-1.ag.pst-kin-lift-3˚.pst wall-gen against-elat det splitting.log-acc pron.3i | |
| ‘I lifted the wood splitting log up from against the wall’ |
§7.2.8.5 Front/Back
| (126) | tekkia | ‘in the front, forward, ahead of’ |
| tekket | ‘to the front, forward, ahead of’ | |
| tekkỉn | ‘from the front’ | |
| tekven~tekk(ig)ut | ‘along the front’ | |
| tege~teġe | ‘in front, facing forward’ |
| (127) | misten | ‘at the start of, furthest in front of’ |
| mistet | ‘to the start of, furthest to the front of’ | |
| mistỉn | ‘from the start of, furthest from the front of’ |
| (128) | upṃia~upṃut~uṃṃut | ‘in the back of, behind’ |
| upṃet | ‘to the back of, behind’ | |
| upṃỉn | ‘from the back of, from behind’ | |
| upṃen~uṃṃikkut | ‘along the back of, after (chasing)’ | |
| uṃṃe | ‘behind, facing backward’ |
| (129) | duġġon | ‘at the end of, furthest back, all the way at’ |
| duġġot | ‘to the end of, to furthest back, all the way to’ | |
| duġġủn | ‘from the end of, from furthest back, all the way from’ | |
| duġo | ‘furthest back (and hidden), the furthest reaches, a long time since’ |
| (130) | tsamma laḍgadỉhummut ṇitekkiava |
| c-amma lat--gat-iihummut n-iti-kkiafa | |
| [ˈt͡samːɑ ˈlaðːgɑˈdiːhʊmːʊt n̥ɪˈtɛʰkɪːɑ̯wɑ] | |
| ts-aθ-va laḍga=dỉh-ummut ṇi-tekk-ia-va | |
| 2.ag-cop-loc.prs race-iness poss.1-in.front-iness-poss.loc | |
| ‘you are ahead of me in the race’ |
| (131) | sisuktat lįảnttṡůn tekket vůaḍven nattset |
| sisuktat L-aanc--cu--n ti-kki-t fu--atf--i-n nac-ci-t | |
| [sɪsˈʊkːtat ˈʎæːnːt͡ʃœn ˈtɛʰkɛt ˈɥøœ̯ðᶣːɛn ˈnat͡sːɛt] | |
| sis-ukt-at lįảnttṡ-ůn tekk-et vůaḍv-en v=atts-et | |
| cis-put-dep kick.sledge-gen in.font-illat basket-acc imp.aux.2.ag-3˚ | |
| ‘put the basket to the front of the sledge’ |
| (132) | giṃitsƛvi ḷinkka tekkinnit mi lįuvvi įo |
| gim-ic-Tfi TiN-kka ti-kkinnit mi L-uffi ju- | |
| [gɪˈm̥ɪt͡sːt͡ɬᶣɪ ˈɬɪŋːkɑ ˈtɛʰkɪnːɪt mɪ ˈʎʊʋːɪ jɔː] | |
| gi-Ø-ṃitsƛ-vi ḷinkk-a tekk-ỉn mi lįuvvi-Ø įo | |
| transl-3a.ag.pst-move.on.water-nloc.pst boat-gen in.front-elat det common.loon-act pron.3a | |
| ‘the loon moved away (on the water) from the front of the boat’ |
| (133) | ḥvalppi ḷinkka tekkut a tṇủkva ballu-t ka |
| h--falppi LiN-kka ti-kkut a t-n-uukfa p-allu_0 ka | |
| [ˈʔwalːpɪ ˈɬɪŋːkɑ ˈtɛʰkʊh ɑ ˈtn̥uːʰkʷɑ ˈbalːʊk ͜ kɑ] | |
| ḥ-valb-vi ḷinkk-a tekk-ut a tṇủkv-a bal=lut–t ka | |
| 3i.ag.pst-swim-3i.pst boat-gen in.front-com part surface.of.water-gen under.com part | |
| ‘it swam along the front of the boat just below the surface’ |
| (134) | gamma pỉru misten |
| gamma piiru misti-n | |
| [ˈgamːɑ ˈpiːrʊ ˈmɪsːtɛn] | |
| g-aθ-va pỉr-u mist=en | |
| 1.ag-cop-loc.prs line-gen at.front.stat | |
| ‘I’m at the front of the line’ |
| (135) | geguktat ḷinkka mistet pitsảlidda nattsetan |
| gi-guktat LiN-kka misti-t pic-aalit-ta nac-ci-tan | |
| [gɛgˈʊkːtat ˈɬɪŋːkɑ ˈmɪsːtɛt pɪˈt͡sæːlɪtːɑ ˈnat͡sːɛːtan] | |
| geg-ukt-at ḷinkk-a mist-et pi-tsảl-it-va na=tts-et-an | |
| transl-put-dep boat-gen at.front-illat poss.2-thing-acc.pl-poss.loc imp.aux.2.ag-3˚-pl.infr | |
| ‘put your things (down) at the front of the boat’ |
| (136) | pỉƛƛet guktvetin boagve mistinnit laukkut |
| piiTTi-t guktfi-tin p-u-agfi- mistinnit laukkut | |
| [ˈpiːt͡ɬːɛt ˈgʊkːtᶣɛːtɪn ˈbɑːkᶣːɛ ˈmɪsːtɪnːɪt ˈlɑu̯ʰkʊt] | |
| pỉƛƛ-et g-ukt-vet-in boagv-e mist-innit laukk-ut | |
| pile-illat 1.ag.pst-put.pst-3˚.pst-pl.infr.pst house-gen at.front-elat log-acc.pl | |
| ‘I stacked the logs in a pile from the front of the house’ |
| (137) | nả boagve uṃṃut mi kaihat a |
| naa p-u-agfi- um-mut mi kaihat a/ | |
| [næː ˈbɑkᶣːɛ ˈʊm̥ːʊt mɪ ˈkæɪ̯hah ɑː] | |
| nả boagv-e uṃ=ṃut mi kaihat-Ø a | |
| cop.nloc.prs house-gen behind.iness det shovel-act pron.3i | |
| ‘the shovel is behind the house’ |
| (138) | guktvet nendopṃa upṃet pinůektsenna |
| guktfi-t ni-nt-u-pm-a upm-i-t pinu--i-kc-i-nna | |
| [ˈgʊkːtᶣɛt ˈnɛnːdɔpːm̥ɑ ˈʊpːm̥ɛt pɪˈnʏy̯kːt͡sɛnːɑ] | |
| g-ukt-vet nendo-pṃa upṃ-et pi-nůekt-en-va | |
| 1.ag.pst-put-3˚.pst chair-gen behind-illat poss.2-bag-acc-poss.loc | |
| ‘I put your bag behind the chair’ |
| (139) | pỉvỉnauḥats deset ṇupṃỉnna! |
| piifiinau nac- t--i-si-t n-upm-iinna | |
| [ˈpiːɥiːnɑu̯ʔat͡s ˈdɛːsɛt ˈn̥ʊpm̥ːiːnːɑ] | |
| pỉvỉn-auḥ=ats de=set ṇ-upṃ-ỉn-va | |
| sneak-neg.imp.2.sg like.this poss.1-behind-elat-poss.loc | |
| ‘don’t sneak up from behind me like this’ |
| (140) | ƛuoįįu inugiġitsan tseilkkit uṃṃikkut |
| Taa-jju inugig-ic-an c-i-ilkkit um-mikkut | |
| [ˈt͡ɬuʊ̯jːʊ ɪːnʊgˈɪːɣɪt͡san ˈt͡sɛɪ̯lːkɪh ˈʊm̥ːɪʰkʊt] | |
| ƛuo=įįu inug-Ø-iġ=its-an tseilkk-it uṃṃ-ikkut | |
| whole.time around-3a.ag-run.aimlessly-nloc.prs girl-gen.pl behind-com | |
| ‘s/he is always running around after girls’ |
| (141) | nả onnava tammet ṡinnen a seuvu-t de duġġon |
| naa u-nnafa tammi-t cinni-n a/ si-ufu_0 t-i- t-ug-gu-n | |
| [næː ˈɔnːɑːwɑ ˈtamːɛt ˈʃɪnːɛn ɑː ˈsɛu̯wʊd ͜ dɛ ˈdʊɣːɔn] | |
| nả onnava tammet ṡinnen-Ø a seuv-u–t de duġġ-en | |
| cop.nloc.prs beautiful big lake-act pron.3i river-gen prox.dem at.the.end.of.stat | |
| ‘there is a big beautiful lake at the end of this river’ |
| (142) | gottṡat aikka ḷinkka duġġot nattset |
| gu-c--cat aikka LiN-kka t-ug-gu-t nac-ci-t | |
| [ˈgɔt͡ʃːat ˈæɪ̯ʰkɑ ˈɬɪŋːkɑ ˈdʊɣːɔt ˈnat͡sːɛt] | |
| gottṡ-at aikka ḷinkk-a duġġ-ot n=atts-et | |
| push-dep quite boat-gen at.the.end-illat imp.aux.2.ag-3˚ | |
| ‘push it all the way to the back of the boat’ |
| (143) | gemindin aikka ṇiboagveva duġġủn deįįet |
| gi-mint-in aikka n-ip-u-agfi-fa t-ug-guun t-i-jji-t | |
| [gɛˈmɪnːdɪn ˈæɪ̯ʰkɑ n̥ɪˈbɑːkᶣːɛːwɑ ˈdʊɣːuːn ˈdɛjːɛt] | |
| ge-mind-in aikka ṇi-boagv-e-va duġġ-ủn de=įįet | |
| 1.ag.pst-come.pst-loc.pst quite poss.1-house-gen-poss.loc at.the.end-elat here.illat | |
| ‘I came here all the way from my house’ |
§7.2.8.6 Far/Close
| (144) | įaltsa | ‘far away (static) from’ |
| įaltset | ‘far away (movement to) from’ | |
| įaltsỉn | ‘far away (movement from) from’ | |
| įaltsven~įalts(ig)ut | ‘far away (along) from, along the farthest part of’ | |
| įaltsits | ‘out of reach, out of sight’ | |
| mỉlįa | ‘close by, next to, beside (static)’ | |
| mỉlįot | ‘close by, next to, beside (movement to)’ | |
| mỉlįủn | ‘close by, next to, beside (movement from)’ | |
| mỉlįon~mỉlį(ug)it | ‘close by (along), along the closest part of, along the side of’ |
| (145) | nůga~nůgů | ‘near (static)’ |
| nůget~nůgůt | ‘near, nearer (movement to)’ | |
| nůgỷn~nygynnit | ‘near (movement from)’ | |
| nůggen~nůggůn~nykkyt | ‘near (along), near by, in the vicinity of’ | |
| nůgůts | ‘within reach, within sight, within earshot’ |
| (146) | gakka | ‘by, next to, around, in a circle (movement to) around’ |
| gakket | ‘by, next to, around, into a circle (movement to) around’ | |
| gakkỉn | ‘by, next to, around, from a circle (movement from) around’ | |
| gakven~gakkikkut | ‘along the edge of, around’ |
| (147) | tikṇat deįįỉn įaltsa, a ṇįulgerbỉṡkevagi-t da |
| tikN-at t-i-jjiin jaLc-a, a/ Nulgi-rp-iicki-fagi_0 t-a | |
| [ˈtɪkːŋ̊at ˈdɛjːiːn ˈjaɬːt͡sɑ ɑ ˈɲ̊ʊlːgɛrˈbiːʃːkɛwɑːgɪd ͜ dɑ] | |
| t-ikṇ-at de=įįỉn įaltsa a ṇ-įulger=bỉṡki-Ø-va-gi–t da | |
| 3a.ag-live-nloc.prs.pl here.elat far.stat top poss.1-cousin-act-poss.loc-pl top | |
| ‘my cousins live far away from here’ |
| (148) | gisastattavi soġvỉnan įaltset a ṇimỉlįikṇassemmeġġenan da |
| gistattafi su-hfiinan jaLc-it a/ n-imiiL-iknassi-mmi-hhi-nan t-a | |
| [gɪˈsasːtaʰtɑːɥɪ ˈsɔɣᶣːiːnan ˈjaɬːt͡sɛt ɑ n̥ɪˈmiːʎˈɪkːŋ̊asːɛmːɛɣːɛːnan dɑ] | |
| gi-Ø-sast-atta-vi s-oġv-ỉn-an įalts-et a ṇi-mỉlį=ikṇ-assemmeġ_ven-a-n da | |
| transl-3a.ag.pst-move-med-nloc.pst poss.3a-home-elat-poss.nloc far-illat top poss-neighbor-def.rel-act- poss.1.pl.excl top | |
| ‘our old/former neighbor moved far away from her/his home’ |
| (149) | gegginỷkva įaltsỉn, keiggukkit niįįe gảlppinnit |
| gi-ggina-a-kfa jaLc-iin, ki-iggukkit nijji- gaalppinnit | |
| [gɛkːɪˈnyːʰkʷɑ ˈjaɬːt͡siːn ˈkɛɪ̯kːʊʰkɪt nɪjːɛ ˈgæːlːpɪnːɪt] | |
| get-g-i-nỷkk-va įalts-ỉn keigg-ukkit ni=įį-ve gảlpp-ỉn | |
| transl-1.ag-kin-originate-loc.prs far-elat west-com cop.3i.hyp.prs land-elat | |
| ‘I come from far away, from a land to the west’ |
| (150) | huollaƛƛan ṇuomen ṡimma įaltsut sṃindamin |
| haa-llaTTan n-aa-mi-n cimma jaLc-ut sp-mint-amin | |
| [ˈhuʊ̯lːat͡ɬːan ˈn̥uʊ̯mɛn ˈʃɪmːɑ ˈjaɬːt͡sʊt ˈspm̥ɪnːdɑːmɪn] | |
| Ø-huoll-aƛƛ-an ṇuom=en ṡi=mma įalts=ut s-minda-Ø-min | |
| 3a.ag-row-freq-nloc.prs out.on.water.stat lake-gen far.com poss.3a-daughter-act-poss.3o | |
| ‘her/his2 daughter is out rowing along the furthest part of the lake’ |
| (151) | gammuṡ gvaįįogỉt pimỉlįova, aįassa mi nun na |
| gammguc gfajju-giit pimiiL-u-fa, ajassa mi nun na | |
| [ˈgamːʊʃ ˈgʷajːɔːgiːt pɪˈmiːʎɔːwɑ ˈɑjasːɑ mɪ nʊːn nɑː] | |
| g-aθ-vuṡ gvai=įįogỉt pi-mỉlį=o-va aį-assa mi nun na | |
| 1.ag-cop-loc.fut for.ever poss.2-next.to.stat-poss.loc cop.imp-3i.sg det cop.3i.hyp.dub pron.3i.act | |
| ‘I will always be next to you, no matter what’ |
| (152) | asinena pisảsseva mỉlįot |
| asini-na pisaassi-fa miiL-u-t | |
| [ɑːsɪˈnɛːnɑ pɪˈsæːsːɛːwɑ ˈmiːʎɔt] | |
| a-si-nen-o pi-sảss-e-va mỉlį-ot | |
| incho-cis-sit-imp.2.ag poss.2-sister-gen-poss.loc next.to-illat | |
| ‘come sit next to your sister’ |
| (153) | aginetṇi ṇimỉlįủnna įu gegỉliskvimman |
| agini-t-n-i n-imiiL-uunna ju gi-giiliskfimman | |
| [ɑːgɪˈnɛtːn̥ɪ n̥ɪˈmiːʎuːnːɑ jʊ gɛgˈiːlɪsːkᶣɪmːan] | |
| a-gi-Ø-netṇ-i ṇi-mỉlį-ủn-va įu geg-ỉl=isk-vimman | |
| incho-transl-3a.ag.pst-sit.down-nloc.pst poss.1-next.to-elat-poss.loc when 1.ag.pst- recognise-1˚.ret.hyp.pst | |
| ‘s/he went to sit (away from) next to me when s/he recognised me’ |
| (154) | siṡivva ƛảrgen mỉlįugit įoįįa-t tsṇeguddi-t gi |
| siciffa Taargi-n miiL-ugit ju-jja_0 c-t-n-i-gut-tit_0 gi | |
| [sɪˈʃɪʋːɑ ˈt͡ɬæːrːgɛn ˈmiːʎʊːgɪt ˈjɔjːɑt͡s ͜ ˈt͡sn̥ɛːgʊtːɪg ͜ gɪ] | |
| si-ṡivv-a ƛảrg-en mỉlį-ugit įoįįa–t ts-neg-uddit–t gi | |
| cis-stay-imp.2.ag shore-gen next.to-com that.dub 2.ag-see-0º.loc.hyp.dub part | |
| ‘stay here close to the shore so I can see you’ |
| (155) | nả bůrġġi ṇiboagveva nůga~nůgů |
| naa p-u--rg-gi n-ip-u-agfi-fa nu--ga // nu--gu-- | |
| [ˈnæː ˈbœrːɣɪ n̥ɪˈbɑːkᶣːɛwɑ ˈnœːgɑ~ˈnœːgœ] | |
| nả bůrġġi-Ø ṇi-boagv-e-va nůga~nůgů | |
| cop.nloc.prs foaming.rapids-act poss.1-house-gen-poss.loc close.to.stat | |
| ‘there are foaming rapids close to my house’ |
| (156) | miggauḥo ṛvůekki nůgůt iḳ pinẻrdattakkattṡin |
| miggauh--u- r-fu--i-kki nu--gu--t ikf pini-i-rt-akkac--cin | |
| [ˈmɪkːɑu̯ʔɔ ˈr̥ᶣyœ̯ʰkɪ ˈnœːgœt ˈɪkʷ pɪˈneːrːdaʰtɑʰkat͡ʃːɪn] | |
| migg-auḥ=o ṛvůekk-i nůg-ůt iḳ pi-nẻrd-attag-ϕattṡin | |
| go-proh.imp.2.ag fire-gen close.to-illat lest 2.unag-burn-med-loc.hyp.cond | |
| ‘don’t go close to the fire, lest you burn yourself’ |
| (157) | gisastas ṛvůekki nygynnit |
| gisastas r-fu--i-kki na-ga-nnit | |
| [gɪˈsasːtas ˈr̥ᶣyœ̯ʰkɪ ˈnʏːgʏnːɪt] | |
| gi-sast-as ṛvůekk-i nyg-ynnit | |
| transl-move-imp.2.ag fire-gen next.to-elat | |
| ‘move away from (being close to) the fire’ |
| (158) | nả kuoka gaulka na mi ṇivet ai nykkyt |
| naa kaa-ka gauLka na mi n-ifi-t ai na-kka-t | |
| [næː ˈkuʊ̯kɑ ˈgɑu̯ɬːkɑ mɪ ˈn̥ɪːɥɛt æɪ̯ ˈnʏʰkʏt] | |
| nả kuoka gaulka-Ø na mi ṇi=vet ai ny-kkyt | |
| cop.nloc.prs other.det village-act pron.3i det pron.1.gen.pl.excl pron.3i.gen next.to-com | |
| ‘there is another village close to ours’ |
| (159) | ƛisƛat nỉn nammut nennit ṛvůekki gakka |
| TisTat niin nammut ni-nnit r-fu--i-kki gakka | |
| [ˈt͡ɬɪsːt͡ɬah niːn ˈnamːʊt ˈnɛnːɪt ˈr̥ᶣyœ̯ʰkɪ ˈgaʰkɑ] | |
| ƛisƛ-at nỉn na=mmut Ø-nen-vit ṛvůekk-i gakk=a | |
| sing-dep cop.hyp.pst pron.3i.iness 3a.ag.pst-sit-nloc.pst.pl fire-gen around.stat | |
| ‘they sat around the fire singing’ |
| (160) | ṛvůekki gakket skemảƛƛaƛƛat asineitṇas |
| r-fu--i-kki gakki-t ski-maaTTaTTat asini-it-n-as | |
| [ˈr̥ᶣyœ̯ʰkɪ ˈgaʰkɛt skɛmˈæːt͡ɬːat͡ɬːat ɑːsɪˈnɛɪ̯tːn̥as] | |
| ṛvůekk-i gakk-et si-kem-ảƛƛ=aƛƛ-at a-si-neitṇ-as | |
| fire-gen around-illat cis-along-hang.out-dep incho-cis-sit.down-imp.2.ag.sg | |
| ‘come sit around the fire and hang out with us’ |
| (161) | tseilttson gakkỉn toįįit sisiggupuiįįat na tsiskva-t ken? |
| c-i-ilc-cu-n gakkiin tu-jjit sisiggupuijjat na c-iskfa_0 ki-n? | |
| [ˈt͡sɛɪ̯lːt͡sɔn ˈgaʰkiːn ˈtɔjːɪt sɪːsɪkːʊˈpʊɪ̯jːat nɑ ˈt͡sɪsːkʷɑk ͜ kɛn] | |
| tseiltts-on gakk-ỉn toįį-it sis-ig=gu-puiįį-at na ts-isk-va–t ken | |
| tseltsu-gen around-elat rock-acc.pl cis-incho.transl.around-pick-dep interr 2.ag-can-loc.prs interr | |
| ‘can you go around and remove the rocks from around the tseltsu (entrance to hulġġu/hut/tipi)?’ |
| (162) | tikṇan kỉko gakkikkut ỏḍknot sakvin |
| tikN-an kiiku- gakkikkut u-u-t--kN-u-t sakfin | |
| [ˈtɪkːŋ̊an ˈkiːkɔ ˈgaʰkɪʰkʊh ˈoːθːkŋ̊ɔt ˈsaʰkᶣɪn] | |
| t-ikṇ-an kỉk-o gakk-ikkut ỏḍknot sakvin-Ø | |
| 3.ag-live-nloc.prs forest-gen around-com strange man-act | |
| ‘a strange man lives along the edge of the forest’ |
§7.2.8.7 Inside/Outside/On/Off/Between
| (163) | nanna | ‘inside (static)’ |
| nannet | ‘inside (movement to)’ | |
| nannỉn | ‘inside (movement from)’ | |
| nannen~nannikkut | ‘along the inside, through’ | |
| nane | ‘inside (and loose/stuck)’ |
| (164) | aṡkva | ‘outside (static)’ |
| aṡkvet | ‘outside (movement to)’ | |
| aṡkvỉn | ‘outside (movement from)’ | |
| aṡkven~aṡkvikkut | ‘along the outside, covering’ |
| (165) | teḷḷįen | ‘on (static), on top of’ |
| teḷḷįet | 'on (movement to), on top, in addition to' | |
| teḷḷįỉn | 'off (movement from), off (of), about' |
| (166) | sassa | ‘inbetween (static)’ |
| sasset | ‘inbetween (movement to)’ | |
| sassỉn | ‘inbetween (movement from)’ | |
| sassen~sassikkut | ‘along the space between’ | |
| sảsi | ‘between (two points)’ |
| (167) | ḥįůįįami boagve nanna mi tsaƛƛatṡiḍḍut a |
| h--ju--jjami p-u-agfi- nanna mi caTTac--it--tut a/ | |
| [ˈʔjœjːɑːmɪ ˈbɑːkᶣːɛ ˈnanːɑ mɪ ˈt͡sat͡ɬːɑˈt͡ʃɪðːʊh ɑː] | |
| ḥ-įůįį-ami boagv-e nann=a mi tsaƛƛa=tṡiḍḍut-Ø a | |
| 3i.ag-lie-3i.prs house-gen inside.stat det water.bottle-act pron.3i | |
| ‘the bottle of water is inside the house’ |
| (168) | simindats ḷinkka nannet ai gil va sittsinįikkisian pinůektsivva |
| simint-ac- LiN-kka nanni-t ai gil fa sic-cin--ikkisian pinu--i-kc-iffa | |
| [sɪˈmɪnːdat͡s ˈɬɪŋːkɑ ˈnanːɛt æɪ̯ gɪɬ wɑ sɪt͡sːɪˈɲɪʰkɪːsɪ̯an pɪˈnʏy̯kːt͡sɪʋːɑ] | |
| si-mind-ats ḷinkk-a nann-et ai_gil_va sit-ts-i-nįikk-ϕisit-an pi-nůekts-it-va | |
| cis-come-imp.2.ag.sg boat-gen inside-illat before cis-2.ag-kin-take-3˚.hyp.prs-pl.infr poss.2-belongings-acc.pl -poss.loc | |
| ‘get inside the boat before you bring in your things’ |
| (169) | ṇįippeyt gilulli gaylgi nannỉn |
| Nippi-a-t gilulli gaa--lgi nanniin | |
| [ˈɲ̊ɪʰpɛy̯t gɪˈlʊlᶣːɪ ˈgæy̯lːgɪ ˈnanːiːn] | |
| ṇįipp=heyt gi-Ø-lull-vi gaylg-i nann-ỉn | |
| in.the.middle.of.the.night transl-3a.ag.pst-leave.pst-nloc.pst village-gen inside-elat | |
| ‘s/he left (from inside) the village in the middle of the night’ |
| (170) | nả tyrry na ṃuoįava-t de nannen |
| naa ta-tta- na m-aa-jafa_0 t-i- nanni-n | |
| [næː ˈtʏrːʏ nɑː ˈm̥uʊ̯jɑːwɑd ͜ dɛ ˈnanːɛn] | |
| nả tyrry-Ø na ṃuoįa-va–t de nann-ven | |
| cop.nloc.prs fur-act pron.3i winter.coat-gen prox.dem inside-com | |
| ‘there is fur along the inside of this coat (it is lined with fur)’ |
| (171) | sƛỏmat boagve aṡkva mi naukvut ỉ, nẻrttatṡey tsủ hevvut |
| sTu-u-mat p-u-agfi- ackfa mi naukfut ii, ni-i-rttac--i-a- c-uu hi-ffut | |
| [ˈst͡ɬoːmat ˈbɑːkᶣːɛ ˈaʃːkʷɑ mɪ ˈnɑu̯ʰkʷʊh iː ˈneːrːtɑˈt͡ʃɛy̯ t͡suː hɛʋːʊt] | |
| s-lỏm-at boagv-e aṡkv=a mi naukv-ut ỉ nẻrtta=tṡey tsủ hevv-ut | |
| 3a.unag-sleep-nloc.prs.pl house-gen outside.stat det dog-pat.pl pron.3a.pl bitter.cold even night-gen.pl | |
| ‘the dogs sleep outside the house, even on bitter cold night’ |
| (172) | kaikỉnatti-t kin gididas kvoavava aṡkvet, ḷiddegami hỉn mi ġukka na |
| kaikiinatti_0 kin git-it-as kfu-afafa ackfi-t, Lit-ti-gami hiin mi g-ukka na | |
| [ˈkæɪ̯kiːnaʰtɪk ͜ kɪn gɪˈdɪːdas ˈkʷɑːwɑːwɑ ˈaʃːkᶣɛt ˈɬɪtːɛgɑːmɪ hiːn mɪ ˈɣʊʰkɑ nɑː] | |
| kaikỉn-at=tit–t kin gi-did-as kvoava-va aṡkv-et Ø-ḷiddeg-ami hỉn mi ġukka-Ø na | |
| be.careful-adv first transl-step-imp.2.ag canoe-gen outside-illat 3i.ag-be.slippery-3i.prs because det jetty-act pron.3i | |
| ‘step out(side of) the canoe carefully, the jetty is slippery’ |
| (173) | simindas hủsƛa aṡkvỉn |
| simint-as huusTa ackfiin | |
| [sɪˈmɪnːdas ˈhuːsːt͡ɬɑ ˈaʃkᶣiːn] | |
| si-mind-as hủsƛ-a aṡkv-ỉn | |
| cis-come-imp.2.ag cold.and.humid.air-gen outside-elat | |
| ‘come (in from) out(side) of the cold and humid air’ |
| (174) | a ṃuoįava-t da aṡkven, nảt goatski |
| a/ m-aa-jafa_0 t-a ackfi-n, naat gu-ac-ki | |
| [ɑ ˈm̥uʊ̯jɑːwɑd ͜ dɑ ˈaʃːkᶣɛn næːt ˈgɑːt͡sːkɪ] | |
| a ṃuoįa-va–t da aṡkv-ven nả-t goats-Ø-ki | |
| top winter.coat-gen top outside-com cop.nloc.prs.pl decorative.button-act-pl | |
| ‘on the outside of the coat there are decorative buttons’ |
| (175) | nả na kinkkora-t de teḷḷįen yįįeḷuolttsikkut baḷḷa kemmiḳ ṡinnen |
| naa na kiN-kku-ra_0 t-i- ti-L--Li-n a-jji-Laa-lc-cikkut p-aLLa ki-mmikf cinni-n | |
| [næː nɑː ˈkɪŋːkɔːrɑd ͜ dɛ ˈtɛʎ̥ːɛn ˈʏjːɛˈɬʊu̯lːt͡sɪʰkʊt ˈbaɬːɑ ˈkɛmːɪkʷ ˈʃɪnːɛn] | |
| nả na kinkkor-a–t de teḷḷį=en yįįe=luoltts-ikkut baḷḷa kemmiḳ ṡinnen-Ø | |
| cop.nloc.prs pron.3i flat.mountain-gen dem.prox on.top.ofstickleback-com fulllargelake-act | |
| ‘on the top of this mountain, there is a large lake full of stickleback' |
| (176) | hellami kủt seuvut ỉ sassa tammet teůƛů |
| hi-llami kuut si-ufut ii/ sassa tammi-t ti-u--Tu-- | |
| [ˈhɛlːɑːmɪ kuːt ˈsɛu̯wʊh iː ˈsasːɑ ˈtamːɛt ˈtøːt͡ɬœ] | |
| h-ell-ami kủt seuv-ut ỉ sass=a tammet teůƛ-ů | |
| 3i.unag-grow-3i.prs two.det river-gen.pl pron.3i between.stat big large.pine-pat | |
| ‘there grows a large old pine tree between two rivers’ |
| (177) | asineitṇa-t dỏ ṇisassedon |
| asinii-t-n-a_0 t-u-u- n-isassi-t-u-n | |
| [ɑːsɪˈnɛɪ̯tːn̥ɑd ͜ doː n̥ɪˈsasːɛːdɔn] | |
| a-si-neitṇ-a–t dỏ ṇi-sass-et-on | |
| incho-cis-sit.down-imp.2.ag come.on poss.1-between-illat-poss.nloc.pl | |
| ‘come on, sit between us!’ |
| (178) | atṡkvas kủt boagvut ỉ sassỉn ṇůeyki mi sakvingi nỉ |
| ac--kfac- kuut p-u-agfut ii/ sassiin n-fi-a-ki mi sakfiN-i nii | |
| [ˈat͡ʃːkʷas kuːt ˈbɑːkʷːʊh iː ˈsasːiːn ˈn̥ᶣɛy̯kɪ mɪ ˈsaʰkᶣɪŋːɪ niː] | |
| Ø-atṡk-van-s kủt boagv-ut ỉ sass-ỉn ṇůeyk-i mi sakvin-Ø-gi nỉ | |
| 3a.ag.pst-fell-2˚.pst-pl.supr two.det house-gen.pl pron.3i.pl between-elat tree-acc det man-act-pl pron.3a.pl | |
| ‘the men felled the tree (from) between the two houses’ |
| (179) | sistat ỉ kủt tṃissi-t de nỉ sassikkut nảtsṇen nattsets |
| sistat ii/ kuut tpm-issi_0 t-i- nii sassikkut naac-t-n-i-n nac-ci-c- | |
| [ˈsɪsːtah iː kuːt ˈtpm̥ɪsːɪd ͜ dɛ niː ˈsasːɪʰkʊt ˈnæːt͡sːn̥ɛn ˈnat͡sːɛt͡s] | |
| sist-at ỉ kủt tṃiss-it–t de nỉ sass-ikkut nảtsṇ-en n=atts-et-s | |
| pull.tight-dep pron.3i.pl two.det boulder-gen.pl prox.dem pron.3i.pl between-com rope-acc imp.aux.2.ag-3˚-pl.supr | |
| ‘pull the rope tight between these two boulders’ |
| (180) | ƛallaukkat Migisỉ va Migimả sảsi nủįa moni |
| Tallaukkat migisii fa migimaa saasi nuuja mu-ni | |
| [ˈt͡ɬalːɑu̯ʰkat ˈmɪːgɪˈsiː wɑ ˈmɪːgɪˈmæː ˈsæːsɪ ˈnuːjɑ ˈmɔːnɪ] | |
| ƛall-augg-ϕat Migi=sỉ-Ø va Migi=mả-Ø sảsi n=ủ=į-a moni-Ø | |
| long-excess-conneg.itr Migisivi-gen and Migimaġat-gen between 3i.ag.neg.aux.3i.prs road-act | |
| ‘the road between Migisivi and Migimaġat is not too long’ |
§7.2.8.8 This Side/Other Side
The postpositions in piṛį- refer to ‘this side’, traditionally of a river or lake and gallį- for ‘the other side’. These words can refer to any two sides separated by some space, and they can be augmented by cis- or translocative prefixes. The static forms spiṛįen/gipiṛįen and skallįen/gigallįen refer to movement along the sides (of some body of water), with the cislocative often indicating movement following the flow of water, but nowadays often movement towards the speaker, up or closer to some reference point, while the translocative gipiṛįen/gigallįen have the opposite meaning: in the opposite direction of the flow of water, away from some point of reference or down. It can be difficult for non-native speakers who are not familiar with the geography of a particular place to know what a Pine speaker means using these postpositions, as the direction of rivers or the directionality of a lake may not be immediately obvious. With geographical or topological landmarks, si- often indicates movement towards the sea and gi- away from the sea, but some people may instead use a more salient feature such as a large mountain or fjord as the point of origin, using the translocative to mean away from that feature (and often towards the sea, especially in the north-western and eastern fjords, which project dramatically out to sea).
| (181) | piṛįen~piṛįigut | ‘on this side of, along this side of’ |
| spiṛįen~spiṛįigut | ‘forward along this side of’ | |
| gipiṛįen~gipiṛįigut | ‘back(ward) along this side of’ | |
| piṛįet | ‘to this side of’ | |
| piṛįỉn | ‘from this side of’ |
| (182) | gallįen~gallįigut | ‘on the other side of, along the other side of, across from’ |
| skallįen~skallįigut | ‘for(ward) along the other side of’ | |
| gigallįen~gigallįigut | ‘back(ward) along the other side of’ | |
| gallįet | ‘to the other side of, across from’ | |
| gallįỉn | ‘from the other side of, across from’ |
| (183) | tikṇan mi seuvu piṛįen niįįe geggummut a, a Uįįak da |
| tikN-an mi si-ufu pir-ji-n nijji- gi-ggummut a/, a/ ujjak t-a | |
| [ˈtɪkːŋ̊an mɪ ˈsɛu̯wʊ ˈpɪr̥ːjɛn nɪjːɛ ˈgɛkːʊmːʊh ɑ ɑ ˈʊjːak dɑ] | |
| t-ikṇ-an mi seuv-u piṛį=en ni=įįe gegg-ummut a a Uįįak-Ø da | |
| 3.ag-live-nloc.prs det river-gen other.side.stat cop.3i.hyp.prs hill-iness pron.3i top Uįįak-act top | |
| ‘Uįįak lives on that hill on this side of this river’ |
| (184) | huolvit tảṃṃi spiṛįen va tsaungummit |
| haa-lfit taam-mispir-ji-n fa c-auN-ummit | |
| [ˈhʊu̯lᶣːɪt ˈtæːm̥ːɪ ˈspɪr̥ːjɛn wɑ ˈt͡sɑu̯ŋːʊmːɪt] | |
| Ø-huoll-vit tảṃṃ-i si=piṛį=en va Ø-tsa=unguθ-vit | |
| 3a.ag.pst-row.pst-nloc.pst.pl main.river-gen this.side.stat and 3a.ag.pst-disappear.pst-nloc.pst.pl | |
| ‘they rowed forward along this side of the main river and disappeared’ |
| (185) | mỉgeġits va vuolttủmmut geminin kỉko gipiṛįen |
| miigi-g-ic- fa faa-lttuummut gi-minin kiiku- gipir-ji-n | |
| [ˈmiːgɛːɣɪt͡s wɑ ˈwuʊ̯lːtuːmːʊt gɛˈmɪːnɪn ˈkiːkɔ gɪˈpɪr̥ːjɛn] | |
| mỉgeġit=ts va vuoltt-ủmmut ge-min-in kỉk-o gi=piṛį=en | |
| alone and darkness-iness 1.ag.pst-walk-loc.pst forest-gen that.side.stat | |
| ‘I walked back along this side of the forest along and in the dark’ |
| (186) | gesastvet ṇilỏbmanepṃava piṛįet boldopṃa |
| gi-sastfi-t n-ilu-u-pmanipm-afa pir-ji-t p-u-lt-u-pm-a | |
| [gɛˈsasːtᶣɛt n̥ɪˈloːʔbmɑˈnɛpːm̥ɑːwɑ ˈpɪr̥ːjɛt ˈbɔlːdɔpːm̥ɑ] | |
| ge-sast-vet ṇi-lỏbma=nepṃ-a-va piṛį-et boldopṃ-a | |
| 1.ag.pst-move-3˚.pst poss.1-bed.room-gen-poss.loc this.side-illat bed-acc | |
| ‘I moved the bed to this side of my bed room’ |
| (187) | tsiṡna pỉru piṛįỉn |
| c-ict-n-a piiru pir-jiin | |
| [ˈt͡sɪʃːtn̥ɑ ˈpiːrʊ ˈpɪr̥ːjiːn] | |
| ts-iṡn-va pỉr-u piṛį-ỉn | |
| 2.ag-begin-loc.prs line-gen this.side-elat | |
| ‘you start from this side of the line’ |
| (188) | a Niḷḷįu-t ƛa, tikṇan vovun seuvu gallįen |
| a/ niL--Lu_0 Ta, tikN-an fu-fun si-ufu gaL-Li-n | |
| [ɑ ˈnɪʎ̥ːʊt͡ɬ ͜ t͡ɬɑ ˈtɪkːŋ̊an ˈwɔːwʊn ˈsɛu̯wʊ ˈgaʎːɛn] | |
| a Niḷḷįut-Ø–t ƛa t-ikṇ-an vov=un seuv-u gallį=en | |
| top Niḷḷįut-act top 3.ag-live-nloc.prs over.there.iness river-gen other.side.stat | |
| ‘Niḷḷįut, on the other hand, lives over there on the other side of the river’ |
| (189) | agitsuġtseġġi hảṇṇi skallįen mi kaltṡin įo |
| agic-uhf-c-i-g-gi haan-ni skaL-Li-n mi kaLc--in ju- | |
| [ɑːgɪˈt͡sʊxːt͡sɛɣːɪ ˈhæːn̥ːɪ ˈskaʎːɛn mɪ ˈkaɬːt͡ʃɪn jɔː] | |
| a-gi-Ø-tsuġts-eġ-vi hảṇṇ-i si=gallį=en mi kaltṡin-Ø įo | |
| incho-transl-3.ag.pst-run.on.all.fours-semelf.pst-nloc.pst creek-gen (forward.along).other.side.stat det male.elk- act pron.3a | |
| ‘the male elk set off running forward/towards (us)/up along the other side of the creek’ |
| (190) | kỉlbidnats ṡimma gigallįen |
| kiip-it-nac- cimma gigaL-Li-n | |
| [kiːlˈbɪʔtnat͡s ˈʃɪmːɑ gɪˈgaʎːɛn] | |
| kỉl-bidn-ats ṡimm-a gi=gallį=en | |
| again-return-imp.2.ag lake-gen (back.along).other.side.stat | |
| ‘return (back here) along the other side of the lake’ |
| (191) | geminin moadnur gallįet |
| gi-minin mu-at-nur gaL-Li-t | |
| [gɛˈmɪːnɪn ˈmɑːʔtnʊr̥ ˈgaʎːɛt] | |
| ge-min-in moadnur-Ø gallį-et | |
| 1.ag.pst-walk-loc.pst street-gen other.side-illat | |
| ‘I walked (over) to the other side of the street’ |
| (192) | simỉlįissi nepṃa gallįỉn |
| simiiL-issi ni-pm-a gaL-Liin | |
| [sɪˈmiːʎɪsːɪ ˈnɛpːm̥ɑ ˈgaʎːiːn] | |
| si-Ø-mỉlį=is-vi nepṃ-a gallį-ỉn | |
| cis-3a.ag.pst-approach-nloc.pst room-gen other.side-elat | |
| ‘s/he approached from the other side of the room’ |
§7.2.8.9 Together/Apart
| (193) | keįįa | ‘together with (static)’ |
| keįįet | ‘together with (movement to)’ | |
| keįįỉn | ‘together with (movement from), (divided) amongst’ | |
| keissit | ‘amongst (static)’ | |
| keiddit | ‘amongst (movement to)’ | |
| keungit~kevvingit | ‘amongst (movement from)’ |
| (194) | koṡṡa~koṡṡen | ‘apart from, split from (static)’ |
| koṡṡủn | ‘apart from, split from (movement from)’ | |
| koṡkut | ‘along (a seam, a split, a straight line)’ |
| (195) | sṇeggutummit gimbaƛƛat ga-t ỉƛƛen a nỉn nammut mi sṇįoapṇudan keįįa dyrrůma įo |
| st-n-i-ggutummit gimp-aTTat ga_0 iiTTi-n a/ niin nammut mi st-n-ju-apt-n-ut-an ki-jja t-a-rru--ma ju- | |
| [ˈstn̥ɛkːʊtʊmːᶣɪt ˈgɪmːbat͡ɬːat gɑh ˈiːt͡ɬɛn ɑː niːn ˈnamːʊt mɪ ˈstɲ̊ɑːpːtn̥ʊːdan ˈkɛjːɑ ˈdʏrːœːmɑ jɔː] | |
| s-neg-vutum-vit gimb-aƛƛ-at ga–t ỉƛƛ-en a nỉn na=mmut mi s-ṇįoapṇ-ut-an ke=įįa dyrrů-ma įo | |
| 3a.unag.pst-see-pass-nloc.pst.pl browse-freq-dep some.det shrub-acc pron.3i cop.hyp.pst.nloc det poss.1-calf- gen.pl-poss.nloc together.with.stat female.elk-pat pron.3a | |
| ‘the female elk along with her youngs was seen browsing on some shrubs’ |
| (196) | mindats dỏ ṇikeįįedon |
| mint-ac- t-u-u- n-iki-jji-t-u-n | |
| [ˈmɪnːdat͡s doː n̥ɪˈkɛjːɛːdɔn] | |
| mind-ats dỏ ṇi-keįį-et-on | |
| come-imp.2.ag come.on poss.1-together.with.illat-poss.loc.pl.excl | |
| ‘come with us!’ |
| (197) | gilulli ṇikeįįỉnon migvat nin nannet |
| gilulli n-iki-jjiinu-n migfat nin nanni-t | |
| [gɪˈlʊlᶣːɪ n̥ɪˈkɛjːiːnɔn ˈmɪkʷːat nɪːn ˈnanːɛt] | |
| gi-Ø-lull-vi ṇi-keįį-ỉn-on migv-at nin na=nnet | |
| transl-3a.ag.pst-leave-nloc.pst poss.1-together.with-elat-poss.loc.pl.excl eat-dep cop.hyp.prs pron.3i.illat | |
| ‘s/he left us (from being with us) to go eat’ |
| (198) | gikṇon deissit hikva nỉktṡut keissit |
| gikN-u-n t-i-issit hikfa niikc--ut ki-issit | |
| [gɪkːŋ̊ɔn ˈdɛɪ̯sːɪt ˈhɪʰkʷɑ ˈniːkːt͡ʃʊt ˈkɛɪ̯sːɪt] | |
| g-ikṇ-on de=issit hikva nỉktṡ-ut ke=issit | |
| 1.ag-live-loc.prs.pl.excl around.here.iness good person-gen.pl amongst.stat | |
| ‘we live amongst good people around here’ |
| (199) | agimikṇi goaksungit sảtsṃi dảlįet sỉlįoman keiddit |
| agimikN-i gu-aksuN-it saac-pm-i t-aaL-i-t siiL-u-man ki-it-tit | |
| [ɑːgɪmˈɪkːŋ̊ɪ ˈgɑːkːsʊŋːɪt ˈsæːt͡sːpm̥ɪ ˈdæːʎɛt ˈsiːʎɔːman ˈkɛɪ̯tːɪt] | |
| a-g-Ø-im-ikṇ-vi goaks-ungit sảtsṃ-i dảlį-et s-ỉlįoma-n ke=iddit | |
| incho-transl-3a.ag.pl-kin-live-nloc.pst month-elat.pl few-gen time-illat poss.3a-family-gen-poss.nloc amongst-illat | |
| ‘s/he went to live amongst her/his family for a few months’ |
| (200) | nekkyt ṇůeykit keungit nuttsannat |
| ni-kka-t n-fi-a-kit ki-uN-it nuc-cannat | |
| [ˈnɛʰkʏt ˈn̥ᶣɛy̯kɪt ˈkɛu̯ŋːɪt ˈnʊt͡sːanːat] | |
| neg-ϕyt ṇůeyk-it keu-ngit n=u=tts-vannat | |
| see-conneg.tr tree-gen.pl amongst-elat 2.ag.neg.aux.pst-0˚.ret.loc.pst | |
| ‘I did not see you (from) amongst the trees’ |
| (201) | gikṇa sảsỉn tuvvakoḥoġa ṇỉlįomava koṡṡen |
| gikN-a saasiin tuffaku-h--u-g-a n-iiL-u-mafa ku-cci-n | |
| [ˈgɪkːŋ̊a ˈsæːsiːn ˈtʊʋːɑˈkɔːʔɔɣɑ ˈn̥iːʎːɔmɑːwɑ ˈkɔʃːɛn] | |
| g-ikṇ-va sảsỉn tuvva=koḥo-ġa ṇ-ỉlįo-ma-va koṡṡ=en | |
| 1.ag-live-loc.prs about year.half-gen poss.1-family-gen-poss.loc apart.stat | |
| ‘I live apart from my family for about half of the year’ |
| (202) | ṇakṇuƛƛi ṇůeyki koṡṡủn mi boaġe na |
| n-akN-uTTi n-f-i-a-ki ku-ccuun mi p-u-ag-i- na | |
| [ˈn̥akːŋ̊ʊt͡ɬːɪ ˈn̥ᶣɛy̯kɪ ˈkɔʃːuːn mɪ ˈbɑːɣːɛ nɑː] | |
| h-nakṇ=uƛ-vi ṇůeyk-i koṡṡ-ủn mi boaġ-e na | |
| 3i.unag.pst-break-3i.pst tree-gen apart.elat det branch.pat pron.3i | |
| ‘the branch broke off from the tree’ |
§7.2.8.10 Stuck/Loose
| (203) | seḥįa | ‘stuck in/on (static)’ |
| seḥįot | ‘stuck into/onto (movement to)’ | |
| seḥįủn | ‘stuck in/on (movement from)’ |
| (204) | esƛen | ‘loose in/on, not tethered to (static)’ |
| esƛỉn | ‘loose in/on, from being tethered to (movement from)’ |
| (205) | gamma sƛỉggo seḥįa, ṃỏṛįot! |
| gamma sTiiggu- si-h--ja, m-u-u-r-ju-t! | |
| [ˈgamːɑ ˈst͡ɬiːkːɔ ˈsɛːʔjɑ ˈm̥oːr̥ːjɔt] | |
| g-aθ-va sƛỉgg-o seḥį-ia ṃỏrįot | |
| 1.ag-cop-loc.prs mud-gen stuck-iness damn | |
| ‘I’m stuck in the mud, damn it!’ |
| (206) | kvảhein siksi ṇůeyki seḥįot Opṃavảƛi |
| kfaahi-in siksi n-fi-a-ki si-h--ju-t u-pm-afaaTi | |
| [ˈkᶣæːhɛɪ̯n ˈsɪkːsɪ ˈn̥ᶣɛy̯kɪ ˈsɛːʔjɔh ˈɔpːm̥ɑˈɥæt͡ɬɪ] | |
| kvảh=ein s-iks-vi seḥį-ot Opṃa=vảƛ-i | |
| accidentally 3a.unag.pst-shoot.arrow-nloc.pst stuck-illat Opṃavaƛƛa-pat | |
| ‘Opṃavaƛƛa accidentally shot (an arrow that got) stuck into the tree’ |
| (207) | geggireġġet kỷni seḥįủn ỉṛṛen |
| gi-ggiri-g-gi-t ka-a-ni si-h--juun iir-ri-n | |
| [gɛkːɪˈrɛɣːɛt ˈkyːnɪ ˈsɛːʔjuːn ˈiːr̥ːɛn] | |
| get-g-i-reġ-vet kỷn-i seḥį-ủn ỉṛṛ-en | |
| transl-1.ag.pst-kin-pull-3˚.pst oak-gen stuck-elat arrow-acc | |
| ‘I pulled the arrow out of the oak (where it was stuck)’ |
| (208) | nả bůiƛƛůn esƛen mi naukvis įo |
| naa p-u--iTTu--n i-sTi-n mi naukfis ju- | |
| [ˈnæː ˈbœɪ̯t͡ɬːœn ˈɛsːt͡ɬɛn mɪ ˈnɑu̯ʰkᶣɪs jɔː] | |
| nả bůiƛƛ-ůn esƛ=en mi naukvis-Ø įo | |
| cop.nloc.prs leash-gen loose.stat det dog-act pron.3a | |
| ‘the dog is loose (from being tethered to the tree)’ |
| (209) | gilỉgvi bůiƛƛůn esƛỉn mi naukvis įo |
| giliigfi p-u--iTTu-n i-sTiin mi naukfis ju- | |
| [gɪˈliːkᶣːɪ ˈbœɪ̯t͡ɬːœn ˈɛsːt͡ɬiːn mɪ ˈnɑu̯ʰkᶣɪs jɔː] | |
| gi-Ø-lỉgg-vi bůiƛƛ-ůn esƛ-ỉn mi naukvis-Ø įo | |
| transl-3a.ag.pst-get.oneself.loose-nloc.pst leash-gen loose-elat det dog-act pron.3a | |
| ‘the dog got loose from the leash’ |
§7.2.8.11 Home/Away
| (210) | bakven | ‘at home’ |
| bakvet | ‘home (movement to)’ | |
| bakvỉn | ‘home (movement from)’ |
| (211) | loiƛƛon | ‘away from home, absent, missing’ |
| loiƛƛot | ‘away from home, absent, missing (movement to)’ | |
| loiƛƛủn | ‘away from home, absent, missing (movement from)’ | |
| loiḷḷo | ‘gone, passed on, deceased’ |
| (212) | ganenna bakven va ṇetṡukkittṡutumma |
| gani-nna p-akfi-n fa n-i-c--ukkic--cutumma | |
| [gɑˈnɛnːɑ ˈbaʰkᶣɛn wɑ n̥ɛˈt͡ʃʊʰkɪt͡ʃːʊtʊmːɑ] | |
| ga-nen-va bakv=en va ṇe-tṡukkitṡ-vutum-va | |
| 1.ag-sit-loc.prs home.stat and 1.unag-bore-pass-loc.prs | |
| ‘I’m just sitting at home, bored’ |
| (213) | ollįỉn gekỉstin bakvet va geṡuṡkisin |
| u-L-Liin gi-kiistin p-akfi-t fa gi-cuckisin | |
| [ˈɔʎːiːn gɛˈkiːsːtɪn ˈbaʰkᶣɛh wɑ gɛˈʃʊʃːkɪːsɪt] | |
| ollįỉn ge-kỉst-in bakv-et va ge-ṡuṡk-ϕisin | |
| as.soon.as 1.ag.pst-hurry-loc.pst home-illat and 1.ag.pst-hear.about-3˚.hyp.pst | |
| ‘I hurried home as soon as I heard (about it)’ |
| (214) | gikekvot gilulli bakvỉn, a Katva-t da, aimma attuṡṡogi nis |
| giki-kfu-t gilulli p-akfiin, a/ katfa_0 t-a, aimma attuccu-gi nis | |
| [gɪˈkɛʰkʷɔt gɪˈlʊlᶣːɪ ˈbaʰkᶣiːn ɑ ˈkaʰtʷɑd ͜ dɑ ˈæɪ̯mːɑ ˈaʰtʊʃːɔːgɪ nɪːs] | |
| gi=kekvot gi-Ø-lull-vi bakv-ỉn a Katva-Ø–t da aimma att=uṡṡ=u-Ø-gi ni-s | |
| yesterday transl-3a.ag.pst-leave-nloc.pst home-elat top Katva-act top even.though impassable.conditions-act-pl cop.nloc.hyp.pst-pl | |
| ‘Katva left home yesterday even though the roads were impassable’ |
| (215) | sỉlįoman loiƛƛon simaḍḍat tungan Piuġġur au altsỉn v-uġun tyvi deįįu vovun vaḥḥa hįalkvegi nỉ nuįįas |
| siiL-u-man lu-aiTTu-n simat--tat tuN-an piug-gur au/ aLc-iin f_ug-un ta-fi t-i-jju fu-fun fah--ha h-aLkfi-gi nii nujjas | |
| [ˈsiːʎɔːman ˈlɑɪ̯t͡ɬːɔn sɪˈmaðːat ˈtʊŋːan ˈpɪu̯ɣːʊr̥ ɑu̯ ˈaɬːt͡siːn ˈwʊːɣʊn ˈtʏːɥɪ ˈdɛjːʊ ˈwɔːwʊn ˈwaʔːɑ ˈɕaɬːkᶣɛːgɪ niː ˈnʊjːas ] | |
| s-ỉlį—ma-n loiƛƛ=on si-maḍḍ-at Ø-tung-an Piuġġur-Ø au_altsỉn_vu uġun tyv-i de=įįu vov=un vaḥḥa hįalkvi-Ø-gi n=u=įį-vas | |
| poss.1-family-gen-poss.nloc away.stat cis-hunt-dep 3a.ag-must-nloc.prs Piuġġur-act because.neg cop.conneg year- gen at.this.time.prox over.there.iness no.dem reindeer-act-pl pron.3a.pl neg.aux-nloc.hyp.prs.pl | |
| ‘Piuġġur must hunt away from his family as there is no reindeer there at this time of the year’ |
| (216) | gilỉgvi ṇiloiƛƛodon ṇinaukvison |
| giliigfi n-ilu-aiTTu-t-u-n n-inaukfisu-n | |
| [ˈgɪˈliːkᶣːɪ n̥ɪˈlɑɪ̯t͡ɬːɔːdɔn n̥ɪˈnɑu̯ʰkᶣɪsːɔn] | |
| gi-Ø-lỉgg-vi ṇi-loiƛƛ-ot-on ṇi-naukvis-Ø-on | |
| transl-3a.ag.pst-get.oneself.loose-nloc.pst poss.1-away-illat-poss.loc.pl.excl poss.1-dog-act-poss.loc.pl.excl | |
| ‘our dog went missing (from us)’ |
| (217) | raįįa sibidni sỉlįoman loiƛƛủn Katva |
| rnajja sip-it-ni siiiL-u-man lu-aiTTuun katfa | |
| [ˈrajːɑ sɪˈbɪʔtnɪ ˈsiːʎɔːman ˈlɑɪ̯t͡ɬːuːn ˈkaʰtʷɑ] | |
| raįįa si-Ø-bidn-vi s-ỉlįo-ma-n loiƛƛ-ủn Katva-Ø | |
| finally cis-3a.ag.pst-return-nloc.pst poss.3a-family-gen-poss.nloc away-elat Katva-act | |
| ‘Katva finally returned from (being) away from her/his family’ |
§7.2.8.12 Other Positions
| (218) | iḷi(gut)~iḷein | ‘opposite to’ |
| stảggi stakkats | ‘criss-cross from, across from, opposite to’ | |
| duƛu(git)~duƛuin | ‘interlocking with, together with’ | |
| uṃṃu(git)~uṃṃuin | ‘back-to-back to, with its back facing’ | |
| lalu(git)~laluin | ‘clustered, tied together with, tight together with’ | |
| ranu(git)~ranuin | ‘attached to (one after the other)’ | |
| gaku(git)~gakuin | ‘in a circle around’ | |
| ƛungi(gut)~ƛungein | ‘clustered, gathered around’ | |
| mita(t)~mitak~mitagit | 'beyond, more/other than, further' |
| (219) | neitṇats ṇileva |
| ni-it-n-ac- n-ili-fa | |
| [ˈnɛɪ̯tːn̥at͡s ˈn̥ɪːlɛwɑ] | |
| neitṇ-ats ṇ-ili-va | |
| sit.down-imp.2.ag poss.1-opposite.to-poss.loc | |
| ‘sit down opposite to me’ |
| (220) | ḥįůįįảt seuvu stảggit staggats ỉ kủt mitsṇegi-t de nỉ |
| h--ju--jjaat si-ufu staaggit staggac- ii/ kuut mic-t-n-i-gi_0 t-i- nii | |
| [ˈʔjœjːæːt ˈsɛu̯wʊ ˈstæːkːɪt ˈstaʰkat͡s iː kuːt ˈmɪt͡sːn̥ɛːgɪd ͜ dɛ niː] | |
| ḥ-įůįį-ảt seuv-u stảggit_staggats ỉ kủt mitsṇi-Ø-gi–t de nỉ | |
| 3i.ag-lie-3i.prs.pl river-gen criss-cross pron.3i two.dem cabin-act-pl prox.dem pron.3i.pl | |
| ‘the two cabins lie criss-cross on either side of the river’ |
| (221) | uktat laukkut duƛu nattsetan |
| uktat laukkut t-uTu nac-ci-tan | |
| [ˈʊkːtat ˈlɑu̯ʰkʊt ˈdʊːt͡ɬʊ ˈnat͡sːɛːtan] | |
| ukt-at laukk-ut duƛu n=atts-et-an | |
| put-dep log-acc.pl interlocking imp-2.ag-3˚.prs-pl.infr | |
| ‘put them interlocking with the logs’ |
| (222) | pirỉddat ỉttson uṃṃu tsiḷḷoƛit nattsetan |
| piriit-tat ic-cu-n um-mu c-iLLu-Tit nac-ci-tan | |
| [ˈpɪːriːtːah ˈiːt͡sːɔn ˈʊm̥ːʊ ˈt͡sɪɬːɔːt͡ɬɪt ˈnat͡sːɛːtan] | |
| pirỉdd-at ỉtts-on uṃṃu tsiḷḷoƛ-it n=atts-et-an | |
| line.up-dep wall-gen back.to.back frame-acc.pl imp.2.ag-3˚.prs-pl.infr | |
| ‘line the frames up with their back to the wall’ |
| (223) | genegimminin dyrůma sṇįoapṇudan lalu |
| gi-ni-gimminin t-a-ru--ma st-n-ju-apt-n-ut-an lalu | |
| [gɛˈnɛːgɪmːɪːnɪn ˈdʏːrœma ˈstɲ̊ɑːpːtn̥ʊːdan ˈlɑːlʊ] | |
| ge-neg-iθ-vin-in dyrů-ma s-ṇįoapṇ-ut-an lalu | |
| 1.ag.pst-see-semelf-3˚.pst-pl.infr.pst female.elk-acc poss.1-calf-gen.pl-poss.loc clustered.around | |
| ‘I saw the female elk with her youngs close around her’ |
| (224) | tikṇat skủkkủvat ranu mi kỉselduttugunnas ỉ |
| tikN-at skuukkuufat ranu mi kiisi-lt-uttugunnas ii/ | |
| [tˈɪkːŋ̊at ˈskuːʰkuːwat ˈrɑːnʊ mɪ kiːˈsɛlːdʊʰtʊgʊnːas iː] | |
| t-ikṇ-at s-kủkkủv-at ranu mi kỉ-Ø-seld-uttug-unnas ỉ | |
| 3.ag-live-nloc.prs.pl poss.3a-each.other.acc-poss.nloc.pl tied.together det new-marry-mid-perf.hyp.nloc.pl pron.3a.pl | |
| ‘the newly married couple live (as if tied) together’ |
| (225) | siskitulppetin tsỉlon gaku |
| siskitulppi-tin c-iilu-n gaku | |
| [sɪsːkɪˈtʊlːpɛːtɪn ˈt͡siːlɔn ˈgɑːkʊ] | |
| sis-g-i-tulb-vet-in tsỉl-on gak=u | |
| cis-1.ag.pst-kin-sow-3˚.pst middle-gen in.a.circle | |
| ‘I sewed them in a circle around the middle’ |
| (226) | minennit nįeilttṡon ƛungi gvaingi |
| mini-nnit n--i-ilc--u-n TuN-i gfaiN-i | |
| [mɪˈnɛnːɪt ˈɲɛɪ̯lːt͡ʃɔn ˈt͡ɬʊŋːɪ ˈgᶣæɪ̯ŋːɪ] | |
| mi-nen-vit nįeilttṡ-on ƛungi gvaingi-Ø | |
| 4-sit-nloc.pst chief-gen clustered.around everyone.act.pl | |
| ‘everyone sat clustered around the chief’ |
§7.2.9 Other Postpositions
Postpositions that don’t clearly fit into the above categories are listed here.
| eġyt~eġġyt | ‘concerning, about, compared to, in relation to’ |
| euġot~euġġot | ‘concerning, about, compared to, in relation to’ |
| gảḍi~gảhi | ‘worth’ |
| hikƛa | ‘in addition to’ |
| hůdda~hůttsů | ‘beside, other than’ |
| ỉddon | ‘thanks to (+illat)’ |
| mỉngut | ‘instead of, rather than’ |
| nengủn | ‘on behalf of’ |
| nuḳ~ṇuḳ | ‘concerning, about, on the subject of’ |
| pỉ | ‘in addition to, even’ |
| tsallen | ‘speaking of, a propos’ |
| (227) | na ai eġy-t da, heddikkat nukka |
| na ai i-g-a-_0 t-a, hi-t-tikkat nukka | |
| [nɑ æɪ̯ ˈɛːɣʏd ͜ dɑ ˈhɛtːɪʰkat ˈnʊʰkɑ] | |
| na ai eġyt–t da heddeg-ϕat nu=kk-va | |
| well pron.3i.gen about part be.certain-conneg.itr 1.ag.neg.aux-loc.prs | |
| ‘well, I’m not sure about that’ |
| (228) | uġun ai gảhi nủįa na |
| ug-un ai gaahi nuuja na | |
| [ˈʊːɣʊn æɪ̯ ˈgæːhɪ ˈnuːjɑ nɑː] | |
| uġun ai gảh-i n=ủį-a na | |
| cop.conneg pron.3i.gen worth-gen 3i.ag-neg.aux-3i.prs pron.3i.act | |
| ‘it’s not worth it’ |
| (229) | mi ṇivvet alko nin skulluit ỉ hikƛa |
| mi n-iffi-t aLku- nin skulluit ii/ hikTa | |
| [mɪ ˈn̥ɪʋːɛh ˈaɬːkɔ nɪːn ˈskʊlːʊɪ̯h iː ˈhɪkːt͡ɬɑ] | |
| mi ṇi=vvet alk-o nin skull-uit ỉ hikƛa | |
| det pron.1-illat debt-gen cop.nloc.hyp.prs money-gen.pl pron.3i.pl in.addition.to | |
| ‘in addition to money owed to me’ |
| (230) | mi ai-t de-t da hůttsů, tsasaġġa kiṡken? |
| mi ai_0 t-i-_0 t-a hu--c-cu--, c-asag-ga kicki-n? | |
| [mɪ ˈæɪ̯d ͜ dɛd ͜ dɑ ˈhœt͡s:œ t͡sɑˈsaɣːɑ ˈkɪʃːkɛn] | |
| mi ai–t de–t da hůttsů tsa-saġ-va kiṡk=en | |
| det pron.3i.gen prox.dem top besides 2.ag-want-2˚.prs what.acc | |
| ‘besides this, what do you want? |
| (231) | bỉddonna-t tġva ṇilemppatsảlenna sisatṃỉġat giskvet |
| p-iit-tu-nna_0 hf--a n-ili-mppac-aali-nna sisatp-miig-at giskfi-t | |
| [ˈbiːtːɔnːɑx ͜ xʷɑ n̥ɪˈlɛmːpɑˈt͡sæːlɛnːɑ sɪˈsatːpm̥iːgat ˈgɪsːkᶣɛt] | |
| b-ỉddon-va–t tġva ṇi-lemppa=tsảl-en-va si-satṃỉg-at g-isk-vet | |
| poss.2-thanks.to-loc.poss part poss.1-project-acc-poss.loc cis-complete-dep 1.ag.pst-can-3˚.pst | |
| ‘I was able to finish my project thanks to you’ |
| (232) | hảlttůsket ganįikket uṃṃon mỉngut kảlttṡits |
| haalttu--ski-t gan--ikki-t um-mu-n miiN-ut kaalc--cic- | |
| [ˈhæːlːtœsːkɛt gɑˈɲɪʰkɛh ˈʊm̥ːɔn ˈmiːŋːʊt ˈkæːlːt͡ʃɪt͡s] | |
| hảlttů=sket ga-nįikk-et uṃṃo-n mỉngut kảlttṡits-Ø | |
| rather 1.ag-take-3˚.prs fish.meat-gen instead elk.meat-acc | |
| ‘I prefer elk meat instead of fish meat’ |
| (233) | lủbmauḥappi ṇinengủnna |
| luupmau nappi n-ini-N-uunna | |
| [ˈluːʔpmɑu̯ʔaʰpɪ n̥ɪˈnɛŋːuːnːɑ] | |
| lủbm-auḥ=ats-pi ṇi-nengủn-va | |
| speak-proh.imp.2.ag-please poss.1-on.behalf-loc.poss | |
| ‘don’t speak on my behalf, please’ |
| (234) | ƛủllat ỉƛiggitoma ṇuḳ |
| Tuullat iiTiggitu-ma n-ukf | |
| [ˈt͡ɬuːlːah iːˈt͡ɬɪkːɪtɔːmɑ ˈn̥ʊkʷ] | |
| t-ḷủll-at ỉ=ƛiggito-ma ṇuḳ | |
| 3a.ag-talk-nloc.prs.pl decision-gen about | |
| ‘they are talking about the decision’ |
| (235) | kuoka gvaigga na pỉ |
| kaa-ka gfaigga na pii | |
| [ˈkuʊ̯kɑ ˈgᶣæɪ̯kːɑ nɑː piː] | |
| kuoka gvaigg-a na pỉ | |
| other.det everything-gen pron.3i in.addition.to | |
| ‘in addition to everything else’ |
| (236) | piġảġġảva tsallen, geneggin gikekvot |
| pig-aag-gaafa c-alli-n, gi-ni-ggin giki-kfu-t | |
| [pɪˈɣæːɣːæːwɑ ˈt͡salːɛn gɛˈnɛkːɪn gɪˈkɛʰkʷɔt] | |
| pi-ġảġġ-ả-va tsallen ge-neg-vin gi=kekvot | |
| poss.2-brother-gen-poss.loc speaking.of 1.ag.pst-see-1˚.pst yesterday | |
| ‘speaking of your brother, I saw him yesterday’ |
§7.3 Non-Genitive Governing Postpositions
Not all postpositions govern the genitive. Non-genitive governing postpositions are not numerous but many are very common. Because these do not govern the genitive, they cannot normally be found with possessive affixes, although uġġit is sometimes found with affixes, for example ṇuġġidda ‘without me’, although it is more common to hear ṇikkut uġġit or ṇikkuġġit ‘without me’ in less colloquial registers.
| (237) | aukka | ‘except’ | +elat |
| ỉṛṛa~ỉtsa | ‘through (static)’ | +iness | |
| ỉṛṛa~ỉtsa | ‘through (movement) | +illat | |
| lidno(t) | ‘according to’ | +com | |
| neggot | ‘in view of’ | +com | |
| siggot | ‘within earshot of’ | +com | |
| uġġit | ‘without’ | +com |
| (238) | idvinin ṇivvỉn aukka gvaiddit |
| itf-inin n-iffiin aukka gfait-tit | |
| [ˈɪtᶣːɪːnɪn ˈn̥ɪʋːiːn ˈɑu̯ʰkɑ ˈgᶣæɪ̯tːɪt] | |
| Ø-idd-vin-in ṇi=vvỉn aukka gvaidd-it | |
| 3a.ag.pst-thank-1˚.pst-pl.infr.pst pron.1.elat except everyone-acc.pl | |
| ‘s/he thanked everyone except me’ |
| (239) | nả soaƛimut ỉṛṛa mi eḍki na |
| naa su-aTimut iir-ra mi i-t--ki na | |
| [næː ˈsɑːt͡ɬɪːmʊh ˈiːr̥ːɑ mɪ ˈɛθːkɪ nɑː] | |
| nả soaƛ-imut ỉṛṛa mi eḍki-Ø na | |
| cop.nloc.prs fish-iness through det spear-act pron.3i | |
| ‘the spear is through the fish’ |
| (240) | minni salgoget ỉṛṛa |
| minni salgu-gi-t iir-ra | |
| [ˈmɪnːɪ ˈsalːgɔːgɛh ˈiːr̥ːɑ] | |
| Ø-min-vi salgog-et ỉṛṛa | |
| 3a.ag.pst-walk-nloc.pst doorway-illat through | |
| ‘s/he walked through the doorway’ |
| (241) | lulli ḷinkkussit sỉṃṃukkỉn lidnot, a Oįįir da |
| lulli LiN-kkussit siim-mukkiin lit-nu-t, a u-jjir t-a | |
| [ˈlʊlːɪ ˈɬɪŋːkʊsːɪt ˈsiːm̥ːʊʰkiːn ˈlɪʔtnɔt ɑ ˈɔːjːɪr̥ dɑ] | |
| Ø-lull-vi ḷinkk-ussit s-ỉṃṃ-ukkit-an lidnot a Oįįir-Ø da | |
| 3a.ag.pst-leave.pst-nloc.pst boat-com poss.3a-wife-com-poss.nloc according.to top Oįįir-act top | |
| ‘Oįįir left by boat according to his wife’ |
| (242) | ṇipaitṇin gvaiddein neggot |
| n-ipait-n-in gfait-ti-in ni-ggu-t | |
| [n̥ɪˈpæɪ̯tːn̥ɪn ˈgᶣæɪ̯tːɛɪ̯n ˈnɛkːɔt] | |
| ṇi-paitṇ-in gvaidd-ein neggot | |
| 1.unag.pst-fall-loc.pst everyone-com.pl in.view.of | |
| ‘I fell in view of everyone’ |
| (243) | lidni siṡṡuinan siggot įoįįa-t sulgedu-t ƛi |
| liit-ni siccuinan siggu-t ju-jja_0 sulgi-t-u_0 Ti | |
| [ˈlɪʔtnɪ ˈsɪʃːʊɪ̯nan ˈsɪkːɔt ˈjɔjːɑb ͜ ˈsʊlːgɛːdʊt͡ɬ ͜ t͡ɬɪ] | |
| Ø-lidn-vi s-iṡϕ-uin-an siggot įoįįa–t Ø-sulg-edut–t ƛi | |
| 3a.ag.pst-say-nloc.pst poss.3a-parent-com.pl-poss.nloc within.earshot.of that.dub 3a.unag-love-3˚.dub.hyp rep | |
| ‘s/he1 said that s/he1 loved her/him2 within earshot of his/her1 parents’ |
| (244) | mikkat piṃuoįakkudda uġġit nutġats |
| mikkat pim-aa-jakkut-ta ug-git nuhf-ac- | |
| [ˈmɪʰkat pɪˈm̥uʊ̯jaʰkʊtːɑ ˈʊɣːɪh ˈnʊxːat͡s ] | |
| migg-ϕat pi-ṃuoįa-kkut-va uġġit nutġ-ats | |
| go-conneg.itr poss.2-winter.coat-com-poss.loc without neg.imp.aux-2sg | |
| ‘don’t go outside without your winter coat’ |